It's a bittersweet Easter for chocolate lovers and African cocoa farmers but big brands see profits

ACCRA, Ghana (AP) — Shoppers may get a bitter surprise in their Easter baskets this year. Chocolate eggs and bunnies are more expensive than ever as changing climate patterns eat into global cocoa supplies and the earnings of farmers in West Africa.

About three-quarters of the world’s cocoa — the main ingredient in chocolate — are produced on cacao trees in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon. But dusty seasonal winds from the Sahara were severe in recent months, blocking out the sunlight needed for bean pods to grow. The season prior, heavy rainfall spread a rotting disease.

With exports from the Ivory Coast, the world’s top producer, down by a third in recent months, the global price of cocoa has risen sharply. Cocoa futures have already doubled this year, trading at a record high of more than $10,000 per metric ton in New York on Tuesday after rising more than 60% the previous year. Farmers who harvest cacao beans say the increases aren't enough to cover their lower yields and higher production costs.

Yet the high Easter demand for chocolate carries a potential treat for big confectionery companies. Major global makers in Europe and the United States have more than passed on the rise in cocoa prices to consumers. Net profit margins at The Hershey Company increased to 16.7% in 2023 from 15.8% in 2022. Mondelez International, which owns the Toblerone and Cadbury brands, reported a jump to 13.8% in 2023 from 8.6% the year before.

“It is likely consumers will see a price spike on chocolate candy this Easter,” Wells Fargo said in a report this month.

Mondelez said it raised chocolate prices up to 15% last year and would consider additional price hikes to help meet 2024 revenue growth forecasts. "Pricing is clearly a key component of this plan,” Chief Financial Officer Luca Zaramella said in January. “Its contribution will be a little bit less than we have seen in 2023, but it is higher than an average year.”

Hershey's also raised prices on its products last year and has not ruled out making further increases. “Given where cocoa prices are, we will be using every tool in our toolbox, including pricing, as a way to manage the business,” Hershey Chairman, President and CEO Michele Buck said during a conference call with investors last month.

Consumer groups are keeping track. In the United Kingdom, British consumer research and services company Which? found that chocolate Easter eggs and bunnies from popular brands like Lindt and Toblerone cost about 50% more this year. It said some candy eggs were smaller, too.

Cocoa is traded on a regulated, global market. Farmers sell to local dealers or processing plants, who then sell cocoa products to global chocolate companies. Prices are set up to a year in advance. Many farmers blame climate change for their poor crops. Cacao trees only grow close to the equator and are especially sensitive to changes in weather.

“The harmattan was severe at the time the pods were supposed to develop,” Fiifi Boafo, a spokesperson at the Ghana Cocoa Board, said, referring to the cool trade winds that carry enough dust to block out the sunlight needed for the trees to flower and produce beans.

Months of rain also are being blamed for black pod disease, a fungal infection that thrives in cooler, wet and cloudy weather, and causes pods to rot and harden.

“While we have a good price today, that’s not it. The cacao hasn’t even produced any (fruit)," Eloi Gnakomene, a cacao farmer in Ivory Coast, said last month. “People say that we’ve had a bit, but those living over that way, they’ve had nothing.”

Opanin Kofi Tutu, a cacoa farmer in the eastern Ghana town of Suhum, said the shortfall in production coupled with higher fertilizer costs are making it difficult to survive. “The exchange rate to the dollar is killing us,” he said.

Chocolate isn't even one of the traditions Tutu associates with Easter. “I am looking forward to my wife’s kotomir and plantain, not chocolates,” he said, referring to a local sauce prepared with cocoyam leaves.

To help increase production, authorities are promoting education on farming methods that might mitigate the effects of climate change, such as the use of irrigation systems. The president of Ghana also has promised to step in to help farmers get a better deal.

“With the current trend of the world cocoa price, cocoa farmers can be sure that I will do right by them in the next cocoa season,” President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo said last month.

The National Retail Federation, an American trade association, expects spending this Easter to remain high by historical standards despite rising candy prices. Its latest survey showed that consumers were expected to spend $3.1 billion on chocolate eggs and bunnies and other sweets this Easter, down from $3.3 billion a year ago.

In Switzerland, home to the world's biggest consumers of chocolate per capita, domestic consumption melted slightly last year, falling by 1% to 10.9kg per person, according to industry association Chocosuisse. It linked the dip to the rise in retail chocolate prices.

The nation’s signature chocolate maker, Lindt & Sprüngli, reported increased profitability, with margins rising to 15.6% from 15% a year earlier.

"Lindt & Sprüngli Group’s business model once again proved to be very successful in the financial year 2023,” it said in a statement this month, noting that prices increases accounted for most of the growth.

Yet some smaller businesses that sell chocolate are finding it hard to keep up with the spike in cocoa prices while their sales decline.

Sandrine Chocolates, a shop in London that sells handmade Belgian chocolates, is struggling to survive after decades in business. The owner, Niaz Mardan, said the U.K.'s cost-of-living crisis and weak economy leave people worrying more about food than luxury chocolate, especially when cheaper alternatives were available at big grocery stores.

She has let go of her two employees and relies on sales at Easter and Christmas to stay afloat. “Many, many times, I thought to close the shop, but because I love the shop, I don’t want to close it,” Mardan, 57, said. “But there is no profit at all.”

Donati reported from Dakar, Senegal. AP journalists Courtney Bonnell in London, Damian J. Troise in New York and Jamey Keaten in Geneva contributed reporting.

Niaz Mardan places a large luxury handmade Belgian chocolate rabbit in the window display of Sandrine a chocolate shop in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

Cocoa beans dry in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

Cocoa pods hang on a tree in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

Cocoa pods hang on a tree in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

Luxury handmade Belgian Chocolates are seen displayed at Sandrine a chocolate shop owned by Niaz Mardan, in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

Luxury handmade Belgian Chocolates are seen displayed at Sandrine a chocolate shop owned by Niaz Mardan, in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

A selection box of luxury handmade Belgian Chocolates is displayed at Sandrine a chocolate shop owned by Niaz Mardan, in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

Niaz Mardan moves a tray of luxury handmade Belgian chocolates at Sandrine a chocolate shop in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

Niaz Mardan wraps a luxury handmade Belgian chocolate Easter egg at Sandrine a chocolate shop in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

Cocoa beans dry in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

A farmer opens a Cocoa pod in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

Cocoa pods hang on a tree in Divo, West-Central Ivory Coast, November 19, 2023. Chocolate may come with a slightly bitter aftertaste this Easter. Shoppers in Europe, the United States and elsewhere are paying more for their traditional candy eggs and bunnies as changing climate patterns in West Africa take a toll on cocoa supplies and farmers (AP Photo/Sophie Garcia)

Niaz Mardan wraps a luxury handmade Belgian chocolate rabbit at Sandrine a chocolate shop in south west London, Thursday, March 21, 2024. Niaz Mardan, is suffering due to high cocoa prices, she's making no profits and fears she will have to close the shop that's been around for 25 years (she's the third owner and took over in 2019). (AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

CAPE TOWN, South Africa (AP) — South Africans celebrate their “Freedom Day” every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic election in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid.

Saturday is the 30th anniversary of that momentous vote, when millions of Black South Africans, young and old, decided their own futures for the first time, a fundamental right they had been denied by a white minority government.

The first all-race election saw the previously banned African National Congress party win overwhelmingly and made its leader, Nelson Mandela, the country's first Black president four years after he was released from prison.

Here's what you need to know about that iconic moment and a South Africa that's changing again 30 years on:

The 1994 election was the culmination of a process that began four years earlier when F.W. de Klerk, the last apartheid-era president, shocked the world and his country by announcing that the ANC and other anti-apartheid parties would be unbanned.

Mandela, the face of the anti-apartheid movement, was released from prison nine days later, setting him on the road to becoming South Africa's first Black leader.

South Africa needed years to prepare and was still on a knife-edge in the months and weeks before the election because of ongoing political violence, but the vote — held over four days between April 26 and April 29 to accommodate the large numbers who turned out — went ahead successfully.

A country that had been shunned and sanctioned by the international community for decades because of apartheid emerged as a fully-fledged democracy.

Nearly 20 million South Africans of all races voted, compared with just 3 million white people in the last general election under apartheid in 1989.

Associated Press photographer Denis Farrell's iconic aerial photograph of people waiting patiently for hours in long, snaking queues in fields next to a school in the famed Johannesburg township of Soweto captured the determination of millions of Black South Africans to finally be counted. It was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

“South Africa’s heroes are legend across the generations,” Mandela said as he proclaimed victory. “But it is you, the people, who are our true heroes.”

The ANC's election victory ensured that apartheid was finally dismantled and a new Constitution was drawn up and became South Africa's highest law, guaranteeing equality for everyone no matter their race, religion or sexuality.

Apartheid, which began in 1948 and lasted for nearly half-a-century, had oppressed Black and other non-white people through a series of race-based laws. Not only did the laws deny them a vote, they controlled where Black people lived, where they were allowed to go on any given day, what jobs they were allowed to hold and who they were allowed to marry.

Current South African President Cyril Ramaphosa — a protege of Mandela — will lead Saturday's 30th anniversary Freedom Day celebrations at the Union Buildings in Pretoria, the seat of government.

The ANC has been in government ever since 1994 and while it is still recognized for its central role in freeing South Africans, it is no longer celebrated in the same way as it was in the hope-filled aftermath of that election.

South Africa in 2024 has deep socio-economic problems, none more jarring than the widespread and severe poverty that still overwhelmingly affects the Black majority. The official unemployment rate is 32%, the highest in the world, while it's more than 60% for young people aged 15-24.

Millions of Black South Africans still live in neglected, impoverished townships and informal settlements on the fringes of cities in what many see as a betrayal of the heroes Mandela referred to. South Africa is still rated as one of the most unequal countries in the world.

The ANC is now largely being blamed for the lack of progress in improving the lives of so many South Africans, even if the damage of decades of apartheid wasn't going to be easy to undo.

The 30th anniversary of 1994 falls with another possibly pivotal election as a backdrop. South Africa will hold its seventh national vote since the end of apartheid on May 29, with all the opinion polls and analysts predicting that the ANC will lose its parliamentary majority in a new landmark.

The ANC is still expected to be the largest party and will likely have to enter into complicated coalitions with smaller parties to remain part of the government, but the overriding picture that is expected is that more South Africans will vote for other parties in a national election for the first time in their democracy.

South Africans still cherish the memory of Mandela and the elusive freedom and prosperity he spoke about in 1994. But the majority of them now appear ready to look beyond the ANC to attain it.

AP Africa news: https://apnews.com/hub/africa

FILE — A crowd of people sing and give peace signs during a lunchtime peace march in downtown Johannesburg, South Africa, Jan. 27, 1994 ahead of the country's all race elections. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/Denis Farrell/File)

FILE - Train commuters hold on to the side of an overcrowded passenger train in Soweto, South Africa. Monday, March 16, 2020. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid.(AP Photo/Themba Hadebe, File)

An election poster, with President Cyril Ramaphosa atop a pole in Soweto, South Africa, Monday, April 22, 2024. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/Themba Hadebe)

FILE - People queue to cast their votes In Soweto, South Africa April 27, 1994, in the country's first all-race elections. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/Denis Farrell. File)

FILE — Nelson Mandela addresses supporters during victory celebrations in Johannesburg as he and the African National Congress are set to take power following the country's first racially integrated election, May 2, 1994. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/Peter Delong/File)

FILE — Nelson Mandela addresses supporters during victory celebrations in Johannesburg as he and the African National Congress are set to take power following the country's first racially integrated election, May 2, 1994. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/John Parkin)

FILE - Then African National Congress leader, Nelson Mandela casts his vote April 27, 1994 near Durban, South Africa, in the country's first all-race elections. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/John Parkin. File)

FILE - People queue to cast their votes In Soweto, South Africa April 27, 1994, in the country's first all-race elections. South Africans celebrate "Freedom Day" every April 27, when they remember their country's pivotal first democratic elections in 1994 that announced the official end of the racial segregation and oppression of apartheid. (AP Photo/Denis Farrell. File)