NEW YORK (AP) — The story of O.J. Simpson's life was inherently cinematic — what started as fodder for a triumphant sports biopic abruptly became something much darker and complex as Simpson slid from fame to infamy following the killings of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
It's little wonder then that Simpson's many-chaptered life — his football career, acting forays, murder trial, acquittal, civil liability judgment, sports memorabilia robbery conviction and finally, his death Wednesday — has spawned a whole ecosystem of media.
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FILE - O.J. Simpson, second from right is joined by, from left, Frank Gatski, Joe Namath, Pete Rozelle, and Roger Staubach, right, during enshrinement ceremonies at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1985. O.J. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Ernie Mastroianni, File)
FILE- Defendant O.J. Simpson is surrounded by his defense attorneys, from left, Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., Peter Neufeld, Robert Shapiro, Robert Kardashian, and Robert Blasier, seated at left, at the close of defense arguments in his murder trial, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1995, in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Sam Mircovich/Pool Photo via AP, File)
NEW YORK (AP) — The story of O.J. Simpson's life was inherently cinematic — what started as fodder for a triumphant sports biopic abruptly became something much darker and complex as Simpson slid from fame to infamy following the killings of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
FILE - O.J. Simpson, second from right is joined by, from left, Frank Gatski, Joe Namath, Pete Rozelle, and Roger Staubach, right, during enshrinement ceremonies at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1985. O.J. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Ernie Mastroianni, File)
FILE - FILE - In this Sept. 26, 1995, file photo, prosecutor Marcia Clark demonstrates to the jury how the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were committed during her closing arguments in O.J. Simpson's double-murder trial in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Myung J. Chun/Los Angeles Daily News via AP, Pool, File)
FILE - Los Angeles Police Detective Mark Fuhrman shows the jury in the O.J. Simpson double murder trial evidence found in the white Bronco that prosecutors contend defendant O.J. Simpson drove the night his ex-wife and a friend were murdered, during testimony Friday, March 10, 1995, in Los Angeles. Prosecuting attorney Marcia Clark looks on. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Nick Ut, Pool, File)
FILE- Defendant O.J. Simpson is surrounded by his defense attorneys, from left, Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., Peter Neufeld, Robert Shapiro, Robert Kardashian, and Robert Blasier, seated at left, at the close of defense arguments in his murder trial, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1995, in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Sam Mircovich/Pool Photo via AP, File)
FILE - Johnnie Cochran Jr. addresses the court during a hearing for O.J. Simpson in Los Angeles, July 29, 1994. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Pool/Nick Ut, File)
FILE - In this June 21, 1995 file photo, O.J. Simpson holds up his hands before the jury after putting on a new pair of gloves similar to the infamous bloody gloves during his double-murder trial in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Vince Bucci/Pool Photo via AP, File)
Much of it rests firmly in the dubious realm of the lurid and sensational, from the widely panned horror movie that posits Brown Simpson was murdered by a serial killer to Simpson's own hypothetical confessional book, “If I Did It.” The Simpson case is ubiquitous in pop culture, too, with direct portrayals in countless TV shows like “The Simpsons” (no relation), a name-check in Jay-Z's “The Story of O.J.” and a direct throughline to the Kardashians' reality television and business empires. Norman Mailer, the Pulitzer Prize winner convicted of stabbing his own wife, even adapted the case into a television movie, “American Tragedy.”
You won't find any of those on this list. Here, instead, The Associated Press has collected 10 documentaries, television shows, books and podcasts exploring Simpson's life and influence with key insights.
This list isn't ordered, but if you only have the appetite for one piece of media, set aside roughly eight hours for this definitive documentary. Directed by Ezra Edelman for ESPN Films, the five-part project aired on ABC and ESPN covers the so-called trial of the century in explicit details, but it takes three parts just to get there. “O.J.: Made in America” contextualizes Simpson's life, career and notoriety with race relations in the U.S. It became the longest movie to win an Oscar when it won best documentary in 2017, where Edelman dedicated his statuette to Brown Simpson, Goldman, their families and the victims of police brutality.
“O.J.: Made in America” is streaming on ESPN+ and is available for purchase on other online platforms.
Another installment of ESPN Films' “30 for 30,” the Brett Morgen-directed 2010 documentary clocks in much shorter, at less than an hour. The documentary takes its title from the date of the slow-speed Ford Bronco chase, but it doesn't rehash it. Instead, “June 17th, 1994” captures that day through the lens of the other sports events happening that day, including Arnold Palmer's final U.S. Open round and the start of the World Cup. In ranking it as the best “30 for 30” in 2014, Rolling Stone magazine said it shows “how viewers process television, and how the media struggles to make sense of events that have no clear outcome.”
“June 17th, 1994” is streaming on ESPN+.
Directed by George Romero — yes, he of the “Night of the Living Dead” films and a zombie movie godfather — this 1974 documentary follows Simpson as an up-and-coming Buffalo Bills running back. As the only entry on this list produced before Simpson's descent into notoriety, it's an untainted glimpse into Simpson's early life and early fame.
“O.J. Simpson: Juice on the Loose” isn't available to stream on traditional platforms, but can be found on the Internet Archive.
The first installment of Ryan Murphy's “American Crime Story” anthology series, the FX miniseries aired the same year as “O.J.: Made in America,” making 2016 a banner year for reigniting conversation around the case — and reigniting the celebrity of key characters. The 10-episode show focused on the trial itself, casting Cuba Gooding Jr. as Simpson, Courtney B. Vance as Johnnie Cochran, John Travolta as Robert Shapiro and David Schwimmer as Robert Kardashian.
“The People v. O.J. Simpson” is streaming on Hulu.
FX's “The People v. O.J. Simpson” was adapted from Jeffrey Toobin's 1996 book about the trial. Toobin, a lawyer, was a New Yorker staff writer who extensively covered the trial that catapulted him into one of the most high-profile legal analysts. The New York Times bestseller is often praised as the most comprehensive book about Simpson's trial.
More information about where to find “The Run of His Life: The People v. O.J. Simpson” can be found on the Penguin Random House site.
It seems as if nearly every person tangentially connected to the Simpson trial put out a book about it at some point. Quality varies, but one worth checking out is from Marcia Clark, the lead prosecutor on the case who attracted criticism for her performance and wound up quitting law after the trial. She was paid $4 million for her 2016 memoir and has since pivoted to writing fiction and even co-created a TV show.
More information about where to find “Without A Doubt,” written with Teresa Carpenter, can be found on Clark's site.
Written by the Goldman family with William and Marilyn Hoffer, the book was originally published in 1997. The Goldmans have remained vocal about what they deem a miscarriage of justice in the decades since Simpson's acquittal, with their attorney saying Thursday that Simpson “died without penance.” The description opens with: “This book is not about OJ. Simpson or his ‘Dream Team.’ This book is not another rehash of the ‘Trial of the Century.’” Instead, it's the Goldmans' story.
More information about where to find “His Name Is Ron” can be found on the Penguin Random House site.
The only novel on this list comes from the journalist and crime writer Dominick Dunne — it's fiction, sure, but it's also “a novel in the form of memoir,” as it's subtitled. Dunne covered the Simpson trial for Vanity Fair and, in the book, mixes characters from his own imagination — like reporter Gus Bailey from his previous books — with real-life figures, like the Goldmans and journalists like Harvey Levin and AP's own Linda Deutsch. It's thinly fictionalized, but beyond recounting the trial, the 1997 novel offers a hazy reckoning with the alienating glitz and grime of the Los Angeles of its time.
More information about where to find “Another City, Not My Own” can be found on the Penguin Random House site.
Over the course of 10 episodes, Kim Goldman reflects on her brother's killing and sits down with lawyers, investigators, witnesses and jurors to get “answers to questions that have been haunting her since the trial,” according to the podcast description. The 2019 podcast covers everything from the civil case to domestic violence to the ever-haunting specter of grief. “Confronting” is an anthology, with the second season focusing on the Columbine school shooting.
“Confronting: O.J. Simpson” is produced by Wondery.
Perhaps the most frustrating entry on this list because its Simpson series still remains unfinished, but “You're Wrong About” — a podcast dedicated to upending conventional narratives — has produced hours and hours of episodes about the Simpson case. If you're looking for a deep dive that dispels popular myths about the case, this is a good listen. The Simpson episodes are hosted by Sarah Marshall and Michael Hobbes, the latter of whom has since left the show.
“You're Wrong About” is available on most podcast platforms.
FILE - Fred Goldman, father of Ron Goldman, hugs his wife Patti, as his daughter, Kim, left, reacts during the reading of the not guilty verdicts in O.J. Simpson double-murder trial in Tuesday, Oct. 3,1995, in Los Angeles. Simpson was acquitted in the murders of Goldman and Simpson's ex-wife Nicole. Foreground is Los Angeles Police Detective Tom Lange, co-lead investigator in the case. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Myung J. Chun/Los Angeles Daily News via AP, Pool, File)
FILE - O.J. Simpson, second from right is joined by, from left, Frank Gatski, Joe Namath, Pete Rozelle, and Roger Staubach, right, during enshrinement ceremonies at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, Aug. 3, 1985. O.J. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Ernie Mastroianni, File)
FILE - FILE - In this Sept. 26, 1995, file photo, prosecutor Marcia Clark demonstrates to the jury how the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were committed during her closing arguments in O.J. Simpson's double-murder trial in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Myung J. Chun/Los Angeles Daily News via AP, Pool, File)
FILE - Los Angeles Police Detective Mark Fuhrman shows the jury in the O.J. Simpson double murder trial evidence found in the white Bronco that prosecutors contend defendant O.J. Simpson drove the night his ex-wife and a friend were murdered, during testimony Friday, March 10, 1995, in Los Angeles. Prosecuting attorney Marcia Clark looks on. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Nick Ut, Pool, File)
FILE- Defendant O.J. Simpson is surrounded by his defense attorneys, from left, Johnnie L. Cochran Jr., Peter Neufeld, Robert Shapiro, Robert Kardashian, and Robert Blasier, seated at left, at the close of defense arguments in his murder trial, Thursday, Sept. 28, 1995, in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Sam Mircovich/Pool Photo via AP, File)
FILE - Johnnie Cochran Jr. addresses the court during a hearing for O.J. Simpson in Los Angeles, July 29, 1994. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (AP Photo/Pool/Nick Ut, File)
FILE - In this June 21, 1995 file photo, O.J. Simpson holds up his hands before the jury after putting on a new pair of gloves similar to the infamous bloody gloves during his double-murder trial in Los Angeles. Simpson, the decorated football superstar and Hollywood actor who was acquitted of charges he killed his former wife and her friend but later found liable in a separate civil trial, has died. He was 76. (Vince Bucci/Pool Photo via AP, File)
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Police in riot gear massed on the UCLA campus and ordered a large group of pro-Palestinian demonstrators inside a fortified encampment to leave the area or face arrest late Wednesday, one night after violence instigated by counter-protesters erupted in the same place.
A small city sprang up inside the barricaded encampment, full of hundreds of people and tents on the campus quad. Some protesters said Muslim prayers as the sun set over the campus, while others chanted “we’re not leaving” or passed out goggles and surgical masks. They wore helmets and headscarves, and discussed the best ways to handle pepper spray or tear gas as someone sang over a megaphone.
A few constructed homemade shields out of plywood in case they clashed with police forming skirmish lines elsewhere on the campus. “For rubber bullets, who wants a shield?" a protester called out.
Meanwhile, a large crowd of students, alumni and neighbors gathered on campus steps outside the tents, sitting as they listened and applauded various speakers and joined in pro-Palestinian chants. A small group of students holding signs and wearing T-shirts in support of Israel and Jewish people demonstrated nearby.
The law enforcement presence and continued warnings stood in contrast to the scene that unfolded the night before, when counter-demonstrators attacked the pro-Palestinian encampment, throwing traffic cones, releasing pepper spray and tearing down barriers. Fighting continued for several hours before police stepped in, though no arrests were made. At least 15 protesters suffered injuries, and the tepid response by authorities drew criticism from political leaders as well as Muslim students and advocacy groups.
Ray Wiliani, who lives nearby, said he came to UCLA on Wednesday evening to support the pro-Palestinian demonstrators.
“We need to take a stand for it,” he said. “Enough is enough.”
Elsewhere, police in New Hampshire made arrests and took down tents at Dartmouth College and officers in Oregon came onto the campus at Portland State University as school officials sought to end the occupation of the library that started Monday.
The chaotic scenes at UCLA came just hours after New York police burst into a building occupied by anti-war protesters at Columbia University on Tuesday night, breaking up a demonstration that had paralyzed the school.
An Associated Press tally counted at least 38 times since April 18 where arrests were made at campus protests across the U.S. More than 1,600 people have been arrested at 30 schools.
UCLA Chancellor Gene Block said in a statement that “a group of instigators” perpetrated the previous night's attack, but he did not provide details about the crowd or why the administration and school police did not act sooner.
“However one feels about the encampment, this attack on our students, faculty and community members was utterly unacceptable,” he said. “It has shaken our campus to its core.”
Block promised a review of the night's events after California Gov. Gavin Newsom denounced the delays.
The head of the University of California system, Michael Drake, ordered an “independent review of the university’s planning, its actions and the response by law enforcement.”
“The community needs to feel the police are protecting them, not enabling others to harm them,” Rebecca Husaini, chief of staff for the Muslim Public Affairs Council, said in a news conference on the Los Angeles campus later Wednesday, where some Muslim students detailed the overnight events.
Speakers disputed the university’s account that 15 people were injured and one hospitalized, saying the number of people taken to the hospital was higher. One student described needing to go to the hospital after being hit in the head by an object wielded by counter-protesters.
Several students who spoke during the news conference said they had to rely on each other, not the police, for support as they were attacked, and that many in the pro-Palestinian encampment remained peaceful and did not engage with counter-protesters. UCLA canceled classes Wednesday.
Tent encampments of protesters calling on universities to stop doing business with Israel or companies they say support the war in Gaza have spread across campuses nationwide in a student movement unlike any other this century. The ensuing police crackdowns echoed actions decades ago against a much larger protest movement protesting the Vietnam War.
In Madison, a scrum broke out early Wednesday after police with shields removed all but one tent and shoved protesters. Four officers were injured, including a state trooper who was hit in the head with a skateboard, authorities said. Four were charged with battering law enforcement.
This is all playing out in an election year in the U.S., raising questions about whether young voters — who are critical for Democrats — will back President Joe Biden's reelection effort, given his staunch support of Israel.
In rare instances, university officials and protest leaders struck agreements to restrict the disruption to campus life and upcoming commencement ceremonies.
At Brown University in Rhode Island, administrators agreed to consider a vote to divest from Israel in October — apparently the first U.S. college to agree to such a demand.
The nationwide campus demonstrations began at Columbia on April 17 to protest Israel’s offensive in Gaza, which followed Hamas launching a deadly attack on southern Israel on Oct. 7. Militants killed about 1,200 people, most of them civilians, and took roughly 250 hostages. Vowing to stamp out Hamas, Israel has killed more than 34,000 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, according to the Health Ministry there.
Israel and its supporters have branded the university protests antisemitic, while Israel’s critics say it uses those allegations to silence opposition. Although some protesters have been caught on camera making antisemitic remarks or violent threats, organizers of the protests, some of whom are Jewish, say it is a peaceful movement aimed at defending Palestinian rights and protesting the war.
Meanwhile, protest encampments elsewhere were cleared by the police, resulting in arrests, or closed up voluntarily at schools across the U.S., including The City College of New York, Fordham University in New York, Portland State in Oregon, Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona and Tulane University in New Orleans.
Offenhartz and Frederick reported from New York. Associated Press journalists around the country contributed to this report, including John Antczak, Christopher L. Keller, Lisa Baumann, Cedar Attanasio, Jonathan Mattise, Stefanie Dazio, Jae C. Hong, Colleen Long, Karen Matthews, Sarah Brumfield, Carolyn Thompson, Philip Marcelo, Corey Williams and Felicia Fonseca.
Police stage on the UCLA campus near an encampment set up by pro-Palestinian demonstrators Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Ryan Sun)
Police stage on the UCLA campus near an encampment set up by pro-Palestinian demonstrators Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Ryan Sun)
A person reinforces a barrier on the UCLA campus, after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups the previous night, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
A musician performs as Pro-Palestinian demonstrators protest at their encampment at Library Mall on the campus of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wis., Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (Samantha Madar/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Pro-Palestinian demonstrators continue their encampment at Library Mall on the campus of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wis., Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (Samantha Madar/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Protesters watch police activity while standing on a construction barrier on the UCLA campus Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Protesters are taken into custody as law enforcement dismantle an encampment by pro-Palestinian students at the University of Texas at Dallas' Chess Plaza on Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Richardson, Texas. (Juan Figueroa/The Dallas Morning News via AP)
Pro-Palestinian demonstrators gather on the UCLA campus Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Ethan Swope)
Pro-Palestinian demonstrators embrace while charging devices at an encampment on the UCLA campus Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Ethan Swope)
A demonstrator watches an encampment from a construction scaffold on the UCLA campus, after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Ethan Swope)
Pro-Palestinian demonstrators lock arms on the UCLA campus Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
UCLA professor Nick Shapiro speaks at a news conference on the UCLA campus, after nighttime clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators restore a protective barrier at an encampment on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Police detain a demonstrator protesting the war in Gaza as they work to remove a non-sanctioned encampment on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis., on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Police push back on demonstrators protesting the war in Gaza as they work to remove a non-sanctioned encampment on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis., on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Madison Police carry a demonstrator protesting the war in Gaza as they work to remove a non-sanctioned encampment on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis., on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Protesters demonstrating against the war in Gaza circle a tent as law enforcement personnel prepare to remove an encampment on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis. on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Protesters against the war in Gaza confront law enforcement personnel during demonstrations on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis. on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
A woman paints on a barrier during a protest set up in a plaza at the University of Texas at Dallas, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Richardson, Texas. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Demonstrators restore a protective barrier at an encampment on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators hold signs on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators restore a protective barrier at an encampment on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Police stage on the UCLA campus, after nighttime clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
An officer stands outside a Gaza Solidarity Encampment at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
Republican U.S. Senate candidate Dave McCormick speaks outside a Gaza Solidarity Encampment at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
Students walk by one of the spray-painted messages left by those protesting the Israel-Hamas war on the University of New Mexico campus in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Wednesday, May 1, 2024. Sixteen people, including five students, were arrested earlier this week when they occupied the Student Union Building, causing damage inside. (AP Photo/Susan Montoya Bryan)
Posters surround an encampment established by University of New Mexico students and supporters who are protesting the Israel-Hamas war, on the main campus in Albuquerque, N,M., on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (AP Photo/Susan Montoya Bryan)
Demonstrators restore a protective barrier at an encampment on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
A person stands at a Gaza Solidarity Encampment at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)
Demonstrators restore a protective barrier at an encampment on the UCLA campus, the morning after clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators against the war in Gaza clash with law enforcement personnel during demonstrations on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis. on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Law enforcement personnel clash with demonstrators protesting the war in Gaza as they work to remove a non-sanctioned encampment on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis. on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Protesters against the war in Gaza confront law enforcement personnel during demonstrations on the campus of UW-Madison in Madison, Wis. on Wednesday, May 1, 2024. (John Hart/Wisconsin State Journal via AP)
Demonstrators wave flags on the UCLA campus, after nighttime clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators gather on the UCLA campus, after nighttime clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
Demonstrators lock arms on the UCLA campus, after nighttime clashes between Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian groups, Wednesday, May 1, 2024, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)
