Pollution is threatening the recently mapped Sac Actun cave system in the Yucatan Peninsula, a vast underground network that experts in Mexico say could be the most important underwater archaeological site in the world.
This undated photo released by Mexico's National Anthropology and History Institute (INAH), shows divers from the Great Mayan Aquifer project exploring the Sac Actun underwater cave system where Mayan and Pleistocene bones and cultural artifacts have been found submerged, near Tulum, Mexico. (Jan Arild Aaserud/Great Mayan Aquifer Project-INAH via AP)
Subaquatic archaeologist Guillermo de Anda said the cave system's historical span is likely unrivaled. Some of the oldest human remains on the continent have been found there, dating back more than 12,000 years, and now-extinct animal remains push the horizon back to 15,000 years.
He said researchers found a human skull that was already covered in rainwater limestone deposits long before the cave system flooded around 9,000 years ago.
This undated photo released by Mexico's National Anthropology and History Institute (INAH) shows divers from the Great Mayan Aquifer project, left, exploring the Sac Actun underwater cave system, where Mayan and Pleistocene bones and cultural artifacts have been found submerged, near Tulum, Mexico. (Great Mayan Aquifer Project-INAH via AP)
De Anda said over 120 sites with Maya-era pottery and bones in the caves suggest water levels may have briefly dropped in the 216-mile (347-kilometer) -long system during a drought about 1,000 A.D. And some artifacts have been found dating to the 1847-1901 Maya uprising known as the War of the Castes.
Humans there probably didn't live in the caves, de Anda said, but rather went down to them "during periods of great climate stress, to look for water."
Sac Actun is "probably the most important underwater archaeological site in the world," he said.
But de Anda said pollution and development may threaten the caves' crystalline water.
This undated photo released by Mexico's National Anthropology and History Institute (INAH) shows a diver from the Great Mayan Aquifer project looking at human remains believed to be from the Pleistocene era, in the Sac Actun underwater cave system, where Mayan and Pleistocene bones and cultural artifacts have been found submerged, near Tulum, Mexico. (Great Mayan Aquifer Project-INAH via AP)
Some of the sinkhole lakes that today serve as entrances to the cave system are used by tourists to snorkel and swim. And the main highway in the Caribbean coast state of Quintana Roo runs right over some parts of cave network. That roadway has been known to collapse into sinkholes.
Also, the cave with the stone-encased skull has high acidity levels, suggesting acidic runoff from a nearby open-air dump could damage skeletal remains.
The world's other great underwater site, the sunken Egyptian city of Alexandria, is also threatened by pollution.
This undated photo released by Mexico's National Anthropology and History Institute (INAH) shows a piece of a broken mask on the cave floor inside the Sac Actun underwater cave system where Mayan and Pleistocene bones and cultural artifacts have been found submerged, near Tulum, Mexico. (Great Mayan Aquifer Project-INAH via AP)
MEXICO CITY (AP) — Less than two weeks from national elections, opposition presidential candidate Xóchitl Gálvez hit away on security, one of Mexico's most stubborn challenges, in her final debate Sunday night with governing party candidate Claudia Sheinbaum.
Sheinbaum, the frontrunner in the race, defended the security record of her mentor, outgoing President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, while Gálvez accused the administration of playing nice with the country’s powerful drug cartels.
“What has been this administration’s strategy? Give the country to organized crime,” said Gálvez, a former senator and tech entrepreneur.
But Sheinbaum, a former Mexico City mayor and climate scientist, maintained the conservative strategy that she employed in two previous debates, not taking the bait when Gálvez attacked.
Gálvez promised to keep and strengthen the National Guard that López Obrador created, but also strengthen state and local police forces.
“Hugs for criminals are over,” she said in reference to López Obrador’s oft-repeated slogan, “Hugs, not bullets.”
She also promised to personally lead the meetings of the National Search Commission, which is supposed to help locate the 100,000 Mexicans listed as missing.
Both candidates said they would lean heavily on the National Guard, saying they would continue to expand it. In one potential difference, Gálvez said she wants it under civilian leadership.
Sheinbaum promised to continue López Obrador’s efforts to address the social ills that he says feed cartel recruitment.
“The drug war continued until President Andrés Manuel López Obrador arrived and changed the policy of declaring war to building peace,” Sheinbaum said.
Sheinbaum did not make any major stumbles and it seemed unlikely Gálvez would eat into the comfortable lead that Sheinbaum has maintained in polls in recent months.
Jorge Álvarez Máynez of the small Citizen Movement party continued to focus his attention on the country’s youth, repeating his promises of a five-day work week and more spaces in public universities.
He has trailed Sheinbaum and Gálvez who are vying to become Mexico’s first woman president in the June 2 election.
Mexico is extremely polarized ahead of the June 2 presidential election. López Obrador regularly rails against reporters, the middle class, businessmen and people he calls “individualists” and social climbers.
Earlier Sunday, tens of thousands of mostly opposition supporters protested against the president in the capital's vast colonial-era main plaza.
The protesters carried signs saying “We are Mexicans,” referring to what they claim are attempts by López Obrador to divide the country.
The protest was originally called to defend independent electoral agencies that the president wants to reduce or de-fund. But many protesters carried banners supporting Gálvez.
Mexican presidents are limited to a single six-year term.
Mexico City resident Joel Guerra, 59, carried a sign that read “Reclaim Mexico.”
“The president says that only his supporters are ‘the good people’ of Mexico, and the rest of us don't have rights,” Guerra said. “We are people, too.”
Guerra was particularly concerned by a new law that López Obrador has passed that seizes unclaimed personal pension accounts to hand out to other retirees.
“Unfortunately, the people governing us right now have completely divided the country,” businesswoman Alana Leal said. “There are two groups of Mexicans, and that's not fair. It's not fair to create so much hate, because at the end of the day, we're all in the same boat, and we are all working for the country's progress.”
López Obrador frequently attacks anyone who disagrees with him as “racist, classist, conservative.” He also favors state-owned companies and government hand-out programs and derides the accumulation of personal wealth.
Sheinbaum has pledged to try to reconcile Mexicans if she wins, but Leal said he doubted she would.
“I think it will be very difficult to achieve a reconciliation between the two groups,” she said, adding, “That is very regrettable.”
Members of Mexico's military hold the Mexican flag before an opposition rally at the Zocalo, Mexico City's main square, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
People participate at an opposition rally ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, in the Zocalo, Mexico City, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
Presidential candidate Xochitl Galvez, right, sings the anthem alongside Santiago Taboada, candidate for Mexico City's chief of government, in an opposition rally ahead of June 2 general elections in the Zocalo, Mexico City's main square, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
People participate in an opposition rally ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, at the Zocalo, Mexico City's main square, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
Mexican presidential candidate Xochitl Galvez gestures at an opposition rally to encourage voting ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, in the Zocalo, Mexico City's main square, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
A person holds a sign that reads "we are all the same Mexico" at an opposition rally called to encourage voting ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, in the Zocalo, Mexico City's main square, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
Mexican presidential candidate Xochitl Galvez speaks at an opposition rally to encourage voting ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, in the Zocalo, Mexico City, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
Mexican presidential candidate Xochitl Galvez speaks at an opposition rally to encourage voting ahead of the June 2 presidential elections, in the main square, Mexico City, Sunday, May 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme)
Mexican opposition supporters hold up a flag during a rally, protesting what they claim are attempts by President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador to divide the country, in the Zocalo, Mexico City, Sunday, May 19, 2024. Mexico is set to hold general elections June 2.
