A look at recent developments in the South China Sea, where China is pitted against smaller neighbors in multiple disputes over islands, coral reefs and lagoons in waters crucial for global commerce and rich in fish and potential oil and gas reserves:
EDITOR'S NOTE: This is a weekly look at developments in the South China Sea, the location of several territorial conflicts in the region.
ASEAN-CHINA TALKS SLATED FOR END OF THE MONTH
FILE - In this Feb. 16, 2019, file photo, U.S. soldiers land with an amphibious assault vehicle and secure the beach head during the ongoing U.S.-Thai joint military exercise titled "Cobra Gold" on Hat Yao beach in Chonburi province, eastern Thailand. Thailand and the United States kicked off the annual Cobra Gold military exercise, the biggest activity of its type in the Asia-Pacific region with 29 nations taking part as participants or observers, including China. (AP PhotoSakchai Lalit, File)
Singapore's defense minister says the latest round of South China Sea conduct talks between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations will be held later this month.
Ng Eng Hen said Saturday at the Munich Security Conference in Germany that confidence building measures were helping "minimize the risk of miscalculations and build trust and confidence among militaries."
While in Germany, Ng also attended the launch of the first of four new submarines for Singapore's navy.
FILE - In this June 21, 2018, file photo, Adm. Phil Davidson, commander of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, meets Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Abe's office in Tokyo. Davidson told the Senate Armed Services Committee last Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2019 that China’s effort to extend its territorial and economic influence was a bigger long-term threat to the free movement of trade and people in the region than North Korea. (Kazuhiro NogiPool Photo via AP, File)
The sides have claimed progress on concluding a code of conduct in the South China Sea, long touted as a way of avoiding volatile confrontations in the disputed waters.
Chinese President Xi Jinping in November said negotiations on the code could be concluded in three years and promised that any differences would be dealt with peacefully.
Negotiations on the code formally began in March, after the adoption in 2017 of a framework agreement. In 2002, the sides signed a non-binding Declaration on the Conduct of the Parties in the South China Sea as a precursor.
Observers are watching closely whether China will agree to binding conditions in a future COC, given its past refusal to be held to international rulings over a region in which it asserts full freedom of action due to its territorial claims.
China rejected a 2016 ruling by an arbitration tribunal in The Hague that invalidated its sweeping territorial claims in the South China Sea based on historical grounds.
CHINA JOINS IN ANNUAL DRILLS HOSTED BY THAILAND, U.S.
Thailand and the United States kicked off the annual Cobra Gold military exercise, the biggest activity of its type in the Asia-Pacific region with 29 nations taking part as participants or observers — including China.
Seven nations in addition to Thailand and the United States are active participants: Singapore, Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. About 4,500 U.S. personnel, on land and sea, are taking part.
The exercise, first held in 1982 and running through Friday, aims to strengthen cooperation and inter-operability through military field training, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief training.
Its goals include "enhancing maritime security, preventing and mitigating emerging disease threats, and responding to large-scale natural disasters," a U.S. statement said.
U.S. TO MAINTAIN FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION OPERATIONS PACE
The naval commander in the Indo-Pacific region says the U.S. will maintain the recent pace of freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea aimed at challenging China's territorial claims.
Adm. Phil Davidson told the Senate Armed Services Committee last Tuesday that China's effort to extend its territorial and economic influence was a bigger long-term threat to the free movement of trade and people in the region than North Korea.
"Through fear and coercion, Beijing is working to expand its form of ideology in order to bend, break and replace the existing rules-based international order," Davidson was quoted as saying by the U.S. Naval Institute News.
"In its place, Beijing seeks to create a new order, one with Chinese characteristics, led by China, an outcome that displaces the stability and peace in the Indo-Pacific that has endured for over 70 years," Davidson said.
Davidson said allies and partners in the region, including the U.K, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and France, are stepping up their South China Sea operations in cooperation with the U.S. showing the international community's "willingness to push back."
Britain has said it plans to deploy its new aircraft carrier, the HMS Queen Elizabeth with its two squadrons of F-35 Lightning fighters, to the South China Sea. China is belied to have canceled a meeting with Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond in response to the announcement earlier this month.
U.S. WARSHIPS SAIL NEAR SPRATLY ISLANDS
Two U.S. warships sailed nearby to Chinese-controlled islands in the Spratly group in the second freedom of navigation operation staged by the Navy this year.
The guided missile destroyers USS Preble and USS Spruance sailed inside the 12 nautical mile (22 kilometer) territorial waters limit surrounding the islands as they passed through the area.
The operation aimed "to challenge excessive maritime claims and preserve access to the waterways as governed by international law," Cmdr. Clay Doss, a spokesman for the US Navy's 7th Fleet, said in a statement.
"All operations are designed in accordance with international law and demonstrate that the United States will fly, sail and operate wherever international law allows," Doss said. That, he said, "is true in the South China Sea as in other places around the globe."
China routinely objects to such missions and dispatches vessels and aircraft to warn off the American warships. Beijing says such missions fuel tensions and does not recognize their validity under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea — or UNCLOS— which defines the rights and responsibilities of nations sailing the world's oceans.
At last week's Munich Security Conference, top Chinese foreign policy adviser Yang Jiechi said China was "resolute in defending its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests."
"We firmly oppose any activity that undermines China's sovereignty and security interests under the pretext of freedom of navigation," Yang told participants.
