China aims to build its own Yellowstone on Tibetan plateau

There's a building boom on the Tibetan plateau, one of the world's last remote places. Mountains long crowned by garlands of fluttering prayer flags — a traditional landscape blessing — are newly topped with sprawling steel power lines. At night, the illuminated signs of Sinopec gas stations cast a red glow over newly built highways.

Ringed by the world's tallest mountain ranges, the region long known as "the rooftop of the world" is now in the crosshairs of China's latest modernization push, marked by multiplying skyscrapers and expanding high-speed rail lines.

But this time, there's a difference: The Chinese government also wants to set limits on the region's growth in order to design its own version of one of the U.S.'s proudest legacies — a national park system.

A Tibetan woman attends to a child in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Sunday, Aug. 25, 2019. A key question looms over the country’s national parks project: Can China marry the goals of conservation and tourism, while safeguarding the livelihoods and culture of the approximately 128,000 people who live within or near the park’s boundaries, many of them Tibetan? (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

In August, policymakers and scientists from China, the United States and other countries convened in Xining, capital of the country's Qinghai province, to discuss China's plans to create a unified park system with clear standards for limiting development and protecting ecosystems.

The country's economy has boomed over the past 40 years, but priorities are now expanding to include conserving key natural resources, says Zhu Chunquan, the China representative of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a Switzerland-based scientific group.

"It's quite urgent as soon as possible to identify the places, the ecosystems and other natural features" to protect, Zhu says.

Tibetan women milk their yaks in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Sunday, Aug. 25, 2019. Qinghai is a vast region in western China abutting Tibet and shares much of its cultural legacy. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Among other goals, China aims to build its own Yellowstone on the Tibetan plateau.

Zhu serves on an advisory committee providing input on the development of China's nascent national park system, expected to be officially unveiled in 2020. Chinese officials also have visited U.S. national parks, including Yellowstone and Yosemite, and sought input from varied organizations, including the Chicago-based Paulson Institute and the Nature Conservancy.

The ambition to create a unified park system represents "a new and serious effort to safeguard China's biodiversity and natural heritage," Duke University ecologist Stuart Pimm says.

A Tibetan youth sits at the base of a natural cave formation in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Sunday, Aug. 25, 2019. China has previously undertaken vast resettlement programs to clear land for large infrastructure projects, but in developing the national parks, the government is giving conservation-related jobs to at least a swath of people living in Sanjiangyuan to stay and work on their land. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

One of the first pilot parks will be in Qinghai, a vast region in western China abutting Tibet and sharing much of its cultural legacy. The area also is home to such iconic and threatened species as the snow leopard and Chinese mountain cat, and encompasses the headwaters of three of Asia's great waterways: the Yangtze, Yellow and Mekong Rivers.

"This is one of the most special regions in China, in the world," says Lu Zhi, a Peking University conservation biologist who has worked in Qinghai for two decades.

While construction continues at a frenzied pace elsewhere on the Tibetan plateau, the government already has stopped issuing mining and hydropower permits in this region.

Clouds hover over the mountainous landscape in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Sunday, Aug. 25, 2019. China aims to build Its own Yellowstone on the Tibetan plateau. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

But a key question looms over the project: Can China marry the goals of conservation and tourism, while safeguarding the livelihoods and culture of the approximately 128,000 people who live within or near the park's boundaries, many of them Tibetan?

"China has a dense population and a long history," Zhu says. "One of the unique features of China's national parks is that they have local people living either inside or nearby."

Yellowstone is widely considered the world's first national park. After it was created in 1872, the U.S. government forced the Native Americans who lived in the area to resettle outside the park boundaries, in keeping with the 19th-century notion that wilderness protection meant nature apart from people. But countries that attempt to establish park systems in the 21st century now must consider how best to include local populations in their planning.

A-Ta, a Tibetan herder whose income largely comes from raising yaks and collecting caterpillar fungus, places refuse in a bag as he leads his team of trash collectors in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Monday, Aug. 26, 2019. His team travels as much as 34 kilometers (21 miles) a day to comb the hillsides for plastic bottles and other waste, as part of the "One Family, One Ranger" program. “I am living in this land, my living is relying on this land,” he says. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

"Figuring out how to achieve ecological conservation and support for the communities at the same time — that's the most complicated rub you have," says Jonathan Jarvis, a former director at the U.S. National Park Service and now a professor of the University of California, Berkeley, who has toured the Qinghai pilot park, called Sanjiangyuan.

China has previously undertaken vast resettlement programs to clear land for large infrastructure projects, such as Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. These resettlements left many farmers in new homes without suitable agricultural fields or access to other livelihoods.

But in developing the national parks, the government is giving conservation-related jobs to at least a swath of people living in Sanjiangyuan to stay and work on their land. The "One Family, One Ranger" program hires one person per family for 1800 yuan a month ($255) to perform such tasks as collecting trash and monitoring for poaching or illegal grazing activity.

A-Ta, at right stands near his father in their home in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Monday, Aug. 26, 2019. A-Ta, a Tibetan herder whose income largely comes from raising yaks and collecting caterpillar fungus, also leads a team of trash collectors traveling as much as 34 kilometers (21 miles) a day to comb the hillsides for plastic bottles and other waste, as part of the "One Family, One Ranger" program. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

It's difficult to interview residents in China's ethnic borderlands like Qinghai, due to restrictions on journalists that make it hard to travel widely or freely in those areas. Regions with large ethnic and religious minorities, including all Tibetan areas, are subject to heightened political and religious controls.

But a few people living in Angsai, a Tibetan village located within the new Qinghai park, were willing to speak, although it's not possible to determine if their experiences are typical.

A-Ta is a Tibetan herder whose income largely comes from raising yaks and collecting caterpillar fungus, a folk medicine taken as a purported aphrodisiac or for respiratory problems. He also leads a team of trash collectors, traveling as much as 34 kilometers (21 miles) a day to comb the hillsides for plastic bottles and other waste as part of the "One Family, One Ranger" program.

Tibetan prayer flags are seen during a clear day in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Monday, Aug. 26, 2019. Qinghai is a vast region in western China abutting Tibet and shares much of its cultural legacy. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

"I am living in this land, my living is relying on this land," he says, as his sister heats a kettle in their modest home. A poster showing the faces of China's past leaders and current Communist Party general secretary, Xi Jinping, hangs on the wall.

A-Ta says he is grateful for work that allows his family to stay on their land, even as people in other parts of Qinghai have had to leave. His own son is employed leading a relocation program for "a huge population of nomads" in Dzarto, a county in southern Qinghai.

"I love this land very much," he says. "I always motivate and encourage people to protect the environment and contribute to the conservation work."

Kunchok Jangtse, a Tibetan herder who also instals and maintains motion-activated cameras, works on a camera in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Tuesday, Aug. 27, 2019. His work helps scientists monitor endangered species. “I’m not a highly educated person, and I am very concerned it may bring many difficulties in my life if I would switch my job and move to another place,” he says. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Kunchok Jangtse is a Tibetan herder who also earns money cleaning up rubbish through the "One Family, One Ranger" program.

He has an additional volunteer position through the Chinese nonprofit Shanshui — the name means "mountain, water" — installing and maintaining motion-activated camera traps, which help scientists monitor endangered species in Qinghai.

As he affixes a camera trap to a thin tree trunk, he explains, "The reason why it has to be installed in this location is because this is the main migration route of the majority of wild animals."

Kunchok Jangtse positions a camera trap in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Tuesday, Aug. 27, 2019. The Tibetan herder also has a job installing and maintaining the motion-activated cameras, which help scientists monitor endangered species in the area. “Our religion is connected with wild animals, because wild animals have a consciousness and can feel love and compassion _ therefore, we protect wild-animals,” he says. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Such camera traps have captured rare footage of snow leopards and Chinese mountain cats, including mothers and their cubs playing near a temporary den.

Kunchok Jangtse says the work of protecting the environment, including reporting illegal poaching activity, is important.

"Our religion is connected with wild animals, because wild animals have a consciousness and can feel love and compassion — therefore, we protect wild-animals," he says.

A Glover's Pika surveys its surrounding in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Tuesday, Aug. 27, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

From his main work raising livestock and collecting caterpillar fungus, Kunchok Jangtse says he can make about 20,000 yuan ($2,830) a year. He is grateful for the additional income from the ranger program, but mainly hopes his other livelihood won't be impeded — and that he won't eventually be forced to leave.

"I'm not a highly educated person, and I am very concerned it may bring many difficulties in my life if I would switch my job and move to another place," he says.

The question of local people's culture and livelihoods is one of the top concerns that former U.S. National Park Service director Jarvis says China has to wrestle with, along with establishing laws and funding.

A sunset casts rays of light over the top of a mountain range in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Monday, Aug. 26, 2019. “This is one of the most special regions in China, in the world,” says Lu Zhi, a Peking University conservation biologist who has worked in Qinghai for two decades. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

"They need a legal framework that defines what a park is," Jarvis says. "And they need sustainable funding."

The creation of protected areas is not a new idea in China. In fact, roughly 15% of the country's land already is assigned to a bewildering patchwork of local and regional parks. But many existing reserves are simply parks on paper, run by various agencies without enforceable guidelines.

In contrast, the national parks system is being designed from the ground-up to incorporate global best practices and new science.

The Milky Way glows behind a yak in Angsai, an area inside the Sanjiangyuan region in western China's Qinghai province on Monday, Aug. 26, 2019. “This is one of the most special regions in China, in the world,” says Lu Zhi, a Peking University conservation biologist who has worked in Qinghai for two decades. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

In his office in Beijing, Ouyang Zhiyun, deputy director at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, pores over hundreds of carefully shaded maps of mainland China that denote priority areas for protecting threatened and endangered species, as well as "eco-system services," like safeguarding water supplies and limiting soil erosion.

The question isn't just how much total land you're protecting, but which lands you're protecting, he notes.

Recently, Ouyang was the lead scientist for China's sweeping "national ecosystems assessment," which used 20,000 satellite images and 100,000 field surveys to examine how China's land changed between 2000 and 2010, with some of the findings published in the journal Science in 2016. One resulting statistic: China's urban area increased 28% during that period.

A bat flies through a narrow crevice in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Tuesday, Aug. 13, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Now Ouyang is drawing upon that work, combined with surveys of more than 1,500 species of endangered and threatened plants and animals, to map priority areas for conservation and advise park planners. He is focusing on habitats of endangered species that live only in China.

"If we lose it here, it's gone," he says.

The first parks to be formally incorporated into China's national park system will showcase the country's vast and varied landscapes and ecosystems — from the granite and sandstone cliffs of Wuyishan in eastern China to the lush forests of southwestern Sichuan province, home to giant pandas, to the boreal forests of northeastern China, where endangered Siberian tigers roam.

A monkey bares its teeth at visitors in an animal shelter that is part of tourist site in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Friday, Aug. 16, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

When it comes to ecology, few countries have more to lose, or to save, than China.

"A huge country like China literally determines the fate of species," says Duke University's Pimm.

This Associated Press series was produced in partnership with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

Women work on a photo for their tea products on a mountain top in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2019. Zhu Chunquan, the China representative of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a Switzerland-based scientific group, notes that the country’s economy has boomed over the past 40 years. But priorities are now expanding to include conserving the country’s key natural resources. “It's quite urgent, as soon as possible to identify the places, the ecosystems and other natural features” to protect, Zhu says. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Visitors climb Tianyou peak in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2019. The ambition to create a unified park system represents “a new and serious effort to safeguard China’s biodiversity and natural heritage,” says Duke University ecologist Stuart Pimm. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Visitors rest in a pavilion during a climb up Tianyou peak in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Visitors climb Tianyou peak in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

A visitor poses for a photo on Tianyou peak in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

A woman poses for photos near a waterfall in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Thursday, Aug. 15, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Tourists ride in bamboo rafts during a tour of the Nine Bends River in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Thursday, Aug. 15, 2019. In August 2019, policymakers and scientists from China, the United States and other countries met in China to discuss the country’s plans to create a unified park system with clear standards for limiting development and protecting ecosystems. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

Tourists stand in shallow water along the Nine Bends River in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Thursday, Aug. 15, 2019. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)

A boy holds a water rifle on the banks of the Nine Bends River as bamboo raft operators wait for tourists in Wuyishan in eastern China's Fujian province on Thursday, Aug. 15, 2019. Zhu Chunquan, the China representative of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a Switzerland-based scientific group, notes that the country’s economy has boomed over the past 40 years. But priorities are now expanding to include conserving the country’s key natural resources. “It's quite urgent, as soon as possible to identify the places, the ecosystems and other natural features” to protect, Zhu says. (AP PhotoNg Han Guan)