Regular voting ends as Bougainville considers independence

They voted in highland villages and on remote atolls. Even 15 youth who live in the jungle and wear bright Upe hats as they undergo traditional training to become men had the chance to vote.

All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have voted in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea.

Regular voting ended on Tuesday while any remaining postal votes will be accepted through Saturday. The results will be announced in mid-December.

In this Nov. 29, 2019, photo, the Teau Community celebrates the Upe voting in the Bougainville referendum in Teau, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have been voting in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy Miller, Bougainville Referendum Commission via AP)

The referendum is nonbinding, and a vote for independence would then need to be negotiated by leaders from both Bougainville and Papua New Guinea. The final say would then go to lawmakers in the Papua New Guinea Parliament.

Chief Referendum Officer Mauricio Claudio said there had been long queues and high enthusiasm at many of the 828 polling places.

“During polling we’ve witnessed a festive and joyous mood,” he said. “There have been dancing troupes and whole communities getting together.”

In this Nov. 30, 2019, photo released by Bougainville Referendum Commission (BRC), voters from Selau gather at Buka Market in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have been voting in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy MillerBRC via AP)

Claudio said that giving Upes a chance to vote at male-only polling stations was one of many referendum firsts. He said election officers hiked for two hours into the jungle to collect the votes.

The young Upe men can remain isolated from their communities for several years as they learn about culture, medicine, hunting and other skills. During this time, they wear the tall, woven Upe hats that hide their hair and are forbidden to be seen by women.

Election officers also traveled by overnight boat to get to some of the five offshore atolls and visited a police lockup to collect votes from prisoners.

In this Nov. 29, 2019, photo, the Upe members vote at a men-only voting booth in the Bougainville referendum in Teau, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have been voting in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy Miller, Bougainville Referendum Commission via AP)

Claudio said there was only one disruption, in the Konnou area, where a long-simmering dispute led police to advise referendum officers to close one polling station. The affected voters got a chance to cast their ballots elsewhere.

Complicating the voting process were the limited communications throughout the region and the traditional way many people live, including not owning any photo identification. Added to that, the Bougainville Referendum Commission only secured its funding in March.

But more than 40 U.N. staffers and over 100 international observers helped oversee a process that Claudio said had gone remarkably well.

In this Nov. 29, 2019, photo released by Bougainville Referendum Commission (BRC), an Upe man votes during Bougainville Referendum at Teau in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have voted in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy Miller BRC via AP)

The referendum is a key part of a 2001 peace agreement that ended a brutal civil war in which at least 15,000 people died in the cluster of islands to the east of the Papua New Guinea mainland.

The violence in Bougainville began in the late 1980s, triggered by conflict over an enormous opencast copper mine at Panguna. The mine was a huge export earner for Papua New Guinea, but many in Bougainville felt they got no benefit and resented the pollution and disruption to their traditional way of living.

The mine has remained shut since the conflict. Some believe it could provide a future revenue source for Bougainville should it become independent.

In this Nov. 29, 2019, photo, the ballot boxes are returned in the Bougainville referendum in Buka, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have been voting in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy Miller, Bougainville Referendum Commission via AP)

Experts believe people the 250,000 to 300,000 people of Bougainville will vote overwhelming in favor of independence ahead of the other option, which is greater autonomy.

But the process of becoming a separate nation could take years to achieve.

In this Nov. 29, 2019, photo released by Bougainville Referendum Commission (BRC), the ballot boxes are returned in the Bougainville referendum in Buka, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have been voting in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy MillerBRC via AP)

In this Nov. 30, 2019, photo released by Bougainville Referendum Commission (BRC), a BRC returning officer, left, leads an Upe man to men-only polling station in the Bougainville referendum in Teau, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. All across the Pacific region of Bougainville, people have voted in a historic referendum to decide if they want to become the world’s newest nation by gaining independence from Papua New Guinea. (Jeremy MillerBRC via AP)