Lebanon crisis brings mixed legacy for central bank governor

Touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability, he steered the tiny country's finances for nearly three decades, through post-war recovery and bouts of unrest.

Now, Lebanon’s central bank governor is being called a “thief” by some anti-government protesters who see him as a member of a corrupt ruling elite whose mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy.

The changing fortunes of Riad Salameh, a 69-year-old former investment banker, mirror the rise and fall of Lebanon’s post-war banking sector, which he personally oversaw.

FILE - In this Dec. 28, 2019 file photo, anti-government protesters occupy the Hamra branch of BLC Bank, in Beirut, Lebanon. Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoMaya Alleruzzo, File)

Last year, as economic conditions worsened and Lebanon was engulfed in mass protests, banks began imposing limits on cash withdrawals and limits on transfers abroad that continue to deprive depositors of access to their savings. In recent weeks, the Lebanese pound — pegged to the dollar for more than two decades under Salameh — lost 60% of its value against the dollar on the black market.

Protesters rioted, hurling firebombs and smashing ATM machines. Metal barriers rose up around the banks.

“They are like thieves, hiding behind their fortifications,” said Ahmad Rustom, 46, a self-employed carpenter standing outside a local bank in Beirut recently. “The fact that they are fortifying means they don’t intend to give people their money back.”

FILE - In this Jan. 15, 2020 file photo, a bank employee is seen through the broken facade of a branch of the Bank of Beirut that was smashed by anti-government protesters in Beirut, Lebanon. Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoBilal Hussein, File)

At the center of this tumult is Salameh, one of the world’s longest-serving governors. Prime Minister Hassan Diab's government has singled him out, blaming the bank's “opaque policies" for the downward currency spiral over the past weeks.

Naim Kassem, the deputy leader of the militant Hezbollah group which supports Diab's government, said the crash “is the result of accumulated mistakes at the central bank.” The Iran-backed group and its allies see Salameh as being pro-American by strictly implementing U.S. sanctions against the group, listed as a terrorist organization by Washington.

Salameh has declined an AP request for an interview but defended himself publicly against what he described as a “systematic campaign” against the central bank, blaming successive governments for the crisis.

In this Thursday, May 21, 2020 photo, a woman begs on a sidewalk in front an ATM machine covered by iron shields along the facade of a bank to prevent acts of sabotage, in Beirut, Lebanon.Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoHassan Ammar)

“Yes, the central bank financed the state, but it is not the one that spent the money,” Salameh charged in a televised speech.

In perhaps the starkest warning to Salameh, the head of cash operations at the central bank was charged earlier this month with violating banking laws and money laundering, allegations the central bank denied. The official, Mazen Hamdan, was later ordered released on bail.

Salameh’s supporters say he did his best to keep the economy afloat and is being made a scapegoat.

In this Sunday, May 17, 2020 photo, graffiti referring to Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, reads in Arabic, "Down with the rule of the bank robber," on iron shields covering the facade of a bank to prevent acts of sabotage, in Beirut, Lebanon. Salameh was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoHassan Ammar)

David Schenker, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, has weighed in, saying Salameh has credibility and that Washington has “worked well” with him.

Nassib Ghobril, chief economist at Lebanon's Byblos Bank, the country's third-largest lender, said Salameh "used the tools at hand to maintain the currency stability for so long, despite the fact that only the monetary policy was functioning” in the country.

Salameh, a Maronite Christian like all central bank governors under Lebanon’s sectarian power-sharing system, took the post in 1993, three years after Lebanon’s 15-year civil war ended. It was a time when the country was nearly bankrupt and the currency had hit record lows.

In this Wednesday, May 13, 2020 photo, a bank customer leaves from the main door as a worker installs iron shields along the facade to prevent acts of sabotage in Beirut, Lebanon. Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoHassan Ammar)

He had been an investment banker for 20 years with Merrill Lynch shuttling between Beirut and Paris when the country's new prime minister, billionaire businessman Rafik Hariri, picked him for governor.

According to a biography in the Lebanese Armed Forces magazine, Salameh used to handle investments for wealthy Arab businessmen, including the late Hariri.

Shortly after he took over, the Lebanese pound began making gains. In four years, it reached 1,500 pounds to the dollar, where it remained pegged until late last year.

In this Wednesday, May 13, 2020 photo, a woman uses an ATM machine that can be covered by iron shields to prevent acts of sabotage by protesters, in Beirut, Lebanon. Riad Salameh, Lebanon’s long-serving central bank governor, was touted as the guardian of Lebanon’s monetary stability as he steered the tiny country's finances through post-war recovery and various bouts of unrest for nearly three decades. Now he is being called a “thief” by some protesters, who accuse him of being part of the ruling elite whose corruption and mismanagement has driven the country to the edge of bankruptcy. (AP PhotoHassan Ammar)

Salameh is credited with preserving financial stability at critical junctures. This included the 2005 assassination of Hariri, the devastating monthlong war between Israel and Hezbollah in 2006, and the influx of more than a million refugees during Syria's ongoing civil war.

In 2009, he became the first Arab central bank governor to ring the bell at the New York Stock Exchange.

“I hope that through my work I have benefited Lebanon and its banking sector but for sure this is not an individual effort but that of a team at the central bank,” he once said in an interview.

Successive governments, however, did little to enact reforms or improve Lebanon’s infrastructure, while continuing to borrow heavily, accumulating one of the world’s largest debts reaching $90 billion, or 170% of GDP.

With Lebanon in constant need of hard currency to cover its massive trade balance deficit — it exports way too little and imports almost everything —Salameh helped attract deposits to local banks by offering higher interest rates than those of international markets.

When the flow of hard currency dropped, beginning in 2016 — in large part because falling oil prices reduced remittances from Lebanese working in Gulf Arab nations — Salameh responded with a so-called “financial engineerings” debt policy. This encouraged local banks to obtain dollars from abroad by paying high interest rates, to keep the state's finances afloat.

This approach is what his detractors now say proved too costly for the country. An economic recovery plan recently adopted by the government showed that the central bank had $44 billion in losses over the past years, the result of losing financial operations.

In the months before anti-government demonstrations erupted last October, panicked depositors pulled billions of dollars from banks, which subsequently closed for two weeks and later imposed stringent restrictions on withdrawals.

Protesters now shout insults at Salameh outside the central bank, surrounded with concrete walls and barbed wire on Beirut’s Hamra Street. A graffiti on another Beirut street reads: “Riad Salameh should be executed.”

Economist Louis Hobeika said Salameh's biggest mistake was staying in his post for 27 years. “He is going to leave a very mixed legacy,” Hobeika said.

In an editorial in the daily Al-Akhbar, Ibrahim al-Amin compared Salameh’s policies over the years to plastic surgeries.

“All the plastic surgeries are not useful anymore," al-Amin wrote. “Please leave.”

Associated Press writer Hassan Ammar in Beirut contributed to this report.