Tianwen-2 probe to explore two target asteroids of high scientific research value: scientist

The Tianwen-2 probe is preparing to explore two target asteroids, near-Earth asteroid 2016HO3 and main-belt comet 311P, which are of high scientific research value and accessibility, according to Chinese scientists.

China launched its first asteroid sample-return mission, Tianwen-2, on May 29, an endeavor to shed light on the formation and evolution of asteroids and the early solar system.

The mission aims to achieve multiple goals over a decade-long expedition: collecting samples from 2016HO3 and exploring 311P, which is farther from Earth than Mars.

Known as a quasi-satellite of Earth, asteroid 2016HO3 orbits the Sun and appears to circle around Earth as well, remaining a constant companion to our planet.

Dubbed as "cosmic fossils," asteroids preserve critical information about the solar system's infancy, scientists say.

"[This asteroid] is very likely to hold the original information of the solar system at its birth, which is of great scientific research value for our understanding of the material composition of the early solar system, including its formation process and evolutionary history," said Han Siyuan, deputy director of the Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center.

The asteroid 2016HO3 also has a relatively stable orbit, requiring lower energy consumption for spacecraft to reach it, while enabling a viable scenario for subsequent exploration of the main-belt comet 311P, according to Han.

The second target, 311P, a celestial anomaly discovered in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, occasionally spews out materials and resembles a comet with tails.

Its discovery challenges astronomers' conventional understanding about a comet, as the region is too close to the Sun for a comet to retain its volatile materials like water ice.

As scientists are still uncertain whether main-belt comets originated in the asteroid belt or from the edge of the solar system, these special small celestial bodies hold significant scientific research value.

The entire mission process for Tianwen-2 is complex. After launch, it will journey for about one year to reach its first target, during which it will perform deep-space maneuvers and mid-course corrections until it is about 30,000 km away from 2016HO3.

The probe will gradually approach the target, carrying out close exploration by circling and hovering over the asteroid to determine the sampling area, with a strategy of flying and probing simultaneously.

After completing the sampling, the spacecraft will fly back to the vicinity of Earth. A return capsule will separate from the main probe and is expected to deliver the samples to Earth by the end of 2027.

The main probe will then continue its voyage to rendezvous with the more distant target, the main-belt comet 311P, to carry out subsequent exploration tasks.

Asteroid 2016HO3 is located between 18 million km and 46 million km from Earth, while the main-belt comet 311P lies approximately 150 million km to 500 million km away.

Tianwen-2 probe to explore two target asteroids of high scientific research value: scientist

The Morteratsch Glacier in Switzerland, one of the largest glaciers in the Eastern Alps, has retreated by about three kilometers over the past 150 years and continues to melt at an alarming pace, glaciologists say.

Morteratsch is among Switzerland's most well-known glaciers now facing possible disappearance. Scientists have been monitoring the glacier for more than a century and a half. Along the trail leading to the glacier, signposts mark different years, recording how the glacier has receded.

Visitors walking toward the glacier will pass several large ice caves, which have become popular photo spots. Glaciologists say the growing number of ice caves reflects a process in which heat stored within the glacier is increasingly released. The more such caves appear, the faster the glacier is melting and degrading.

"The glaciers are super important, and they are also kind of an icon of climate change. We see them melting very rapidly, something which we observe in other elements less visually," said Stefan Uhlenbrook, director of Hydrology, Water and Cryosphere at the World Meteorological Organization.

The glaciologist warned that the Morteratsch Glacier may disappear entirely well before another 150 years have passed.

According to the latest data from the Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland, more than 1,000 glaciers across the country have vanished since 1970 due to global warming. After entering 2025, the total volume of Swiss glaciers has already fallen by a further 3 percent.

Glaciologist warns melting of Morteratsch Glacier in Switzerland