Musk, a social media powerhouse, boosts fortunes of hard-right figures in Europe

ROME (AP) — Hard-right commentators, politicians and activists in Europe have uncovered a secret to expanding their influence: engaging with Elon Musk.

Take the German politician from a party whose own domestic intelligence agency has designated as extremist. Her daily audience on X surged from 230,000 to 2.2 million on days Musk interacted with her posts. She went on to lead her party to its best-ever electoral showing.

Or the anti-immigration activist in Britain, who was banned from Twitter and sentenced to 18 months in prison for contempt of court. Since Musk let him back on the platform in late 2023, he’s mentioned, reposted or replied to the billionaire more than 120 times on X — and gained nearly a million followers.

Even a little-known social-media influencer turned politician from Cyprus has benefited from the Musk effect. Before winning a surprise seat in the European Parliament, where he’s advocated for Musk, the influencer seemed to have one ambition: to hug the world’s richest man. He got his hug — and political endorsements. On days Musk has interacted with his account on X, the man’s audience exploded from just over 300,000 to nearly 10 million views.

Elon Musk may have tumbled from political grace in Washington -- he stepped down as an adviser to President Donald Trump in May and has since traded insults with the president -- but as he works to build his own political party, his power on X remains unchecked.

Musk’s influence on the platform he bought for $44 billion has made him a kingmaker at home and abroad. Among those he has chosen to cultivate are hard-right politicians and insurgent influencers across Europe, according to an Associated Press analysis of public data. His dominance, which has real-world financial and political impacts, is fueling concerns in Europe about foreign meddling -- not from Russia or China this time, but from the United States.

“Every alarm bell needs to ring,” said Christel Schaldemose, a vice president of the European Parliament who works on electoral interference and digital regulation. “We need to make sure that power is not unbalanced.”

In seeking to quantify Musk’s effect on European politics, The Associated Press analyzed more than 20,000 posts over a three-year period from 11 far-right European figures across six countries who frequently promote a hard-right political or social agenda and had significant interactions with Elon Musk since he purchased Twitter. Tens of thousands of posts by Musk on Twitter, now known as X, were also collected.

The AP used the records, obtained from data provider Bright Data, to analyze how Musk’s account interacted with the European influencers, and vice versa, and the extent to which Musk’s engagement boosted their reach.

These case studies are not meant to be representative of a broad universe; rather, they showcase the ways in which Musk’s engagement can have an impact on local influencers who share his views.

Due to limitations on data collection, the dataset is not a complete record of all posts made by these accounts. Even so, it captured at least 920 instances in which one of the European accounts tagged, replied or otherwise attempted to interact with Musk’s account, and at nearly 190 instances where Musk’s own posts interacted with the Europeans.

The AP also analyzed records of daily follower counts, using data from Social Blade, to measure any growth in the European accounts’ audience that occurred in the wake of Musk’s online interactions. This kind of analysis is no longer possible. In March, Social Blade removed X from its analytics, saying that X had increased its data access fees to prohibitive levels, making the platform harder to research.

Among those included in AP’s analysis are several people who have run into legal trouble in their own countries. An anti-immigrant agitator in the U.K., for example, was sentenced in October to 18 months in prison for violating a court order blocking him from making libelous allegations against a Syrian refugee. A German politician was convicted last year of knowingly using a Nazi slogan in a speech. An Italian vice premier was acquitted in December of illegally detaining 100 migrants aboard a humanitarian rescue ship.

Others examined by AP were an influencer known as the “shieldmaiden of the far-right;” a German activist dubbed the “anti-Greta Thunberg” now living in what amounts to political exile in Washington, D.C.; and two politicians who have advocated for the interests of Musk’s companies as those firms seek to expand in Europe.

AP’s analysis shows how Musk is helping unite nationalists across borders in common cause to halt migration, overturn progressive policies and promote an absolutist vision of free speech. While his efforts have sparked backlash in some countries, Musk’s promotion of a growing alliance of hard-right parties and individuals has helped rattle the foundation of a transatlantic bond that has guided U.S. and European relations for over eight decades.

Engagement from Musk does not guarantee a surge in followers or page views. But AP found it can have a huge impact, especially on up-and-coming influencers. One account that began with around 120,000 followers when Musk took over Twitter in October 2022 topped 1.2 million by January of this year. Seven other European accounts saw six-figure increases in their follower counts over the same period.

Most of the 11 accounts examined saw triple-digit percentage increases in their followers. Even some that grew more steadily on their own before Musk interacted with them saw their follower counts rise sharply after he began engaging with their posts. Similarly, on days Musk interacted with a post, its account saw its views soar — in most cases, accruing two to four times as many views, with a few seeing boosts 30 or 40 times their normal daily viewership.

Musk is not the only factor influencing the growth of these accounts, of course, but their rising fortunes are a measure of how the platform has evolved under his leadership. When Musk acquired X, he pledged to turn it into a haven for free speech, declaring himself a “free speech absolutist.” AP’s analysis adds to growing evidence that instead of serving as a neutral forum for free speech, X amplifies Musk’s speech.

This shift has given him sweeping power to direct people’s attention.

“There’s an extreme asymmetry in the way Musk is able to leverage and shape the platform,” said Timothy Graham, an associate professor in digital media at the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, who has studied data anomalies on X. “There’s an unequivocal sense when you go onto the site that you’re entering Musk’s kingdom.”

Since he acquired Twitter in 2022, Musk has come to dominate the platform. His followers have more than doubled, to more than 220 million — growth so tremendous that it easily outpaced the other Top 10 accounts. Not even Taylor Swift has been able to keep up.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, whose followers grew by 21 million — or 25% — from October 2022 through January, clocked a distant second. Donald Trump’s followers grew by 14%, or around 12 million, while Taylor Swift mustered a mere 3% growth, or 3 million new followers.

None of the other Top 10 accounts have shown such consistent follower growth, month after month, AP found. The result is a further concentration of power for the world’s richest man, who now commands the most popular account on a social media platform used by hundreds of millions of people around the world.

Given the opacity of the algorithms that power X, it’s hard to determine with certainty what array of factors might be driving such unusual — and unusually consistent — growth in Musk’s account. But researchers who have analyzed data patterns on X argue that the platform’s algorithm has, at times, been altered to amplify Musk’s voice.

How X promotes content is a growing point of contention in Europe. In January, the European Union expanded its investigation of X to assess how the platform pushes content to users and why some material goes viral. In February, French prosecutors opened a separate investigation into X over allegations that Musk changed the platform’s algorithms to promote biased content.

Musk’s public attacks on left-leaning politicians, support for hard-right policies and loose handling of facts have prompted rebukes from British Prime Minister Keir Starmer, former German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, French President Emmanuel Macron, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez, Italian President Sergio Mattarella, and Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre.

X did not respond to requests for comment.

Musk’s dominance creates a strong incentive for people seeking to increase their clout — or their revenues, through the platform’s monetization options — to exploit these network effects and try to get Musk to engage with their content.

“People know that he’s gearing everything towards him,” said Graham, the digital media scholar in Australia. “They’re doing everything they can to get close to this person because he is the moneymaker.”

Germany’s Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, for example, has benefited from the Musk effect. AfD coleader Alice Weidel helped lead the party, which advocates for nationalist and anti-immigrant policies, to second place in German parliamentary elections in February.

When Musk interacted with her account in the run-up to those elections, the average number of daily views she got rose from about 230,000 to 2.2 million.

Germany’s domestic intelligence agency in May classified Weidel’s party as a right-wing extremist organization, which would subject the AfD to greater surveillance. The party, which maintains that it’s a victim of politically motivated defamation, promptly filed a lawsuit against the move, which Musk, along with top U.S. officials blasted as an attack on free speech. The designation has been suspended pending judicial review.

The AfD denies any association with Germany’s Nazi past — though, in a chat with Musk livestreamed on X in January, Weidel falsely described Hitler as a “communist, socialist guy.”

The chat has gotten 16 million views. Musk also appeared at AfD rallies and endorsed the party in a German newspaper.

AfD officials did not respond to requests for comment.

Naomi Seibt, a German climate skeptic, pinged Musk nearly 600 times between October 2022 and Jan. 2025. Musk finally engaged in June 2024, when he asked her to explain why the AfD is so controversial in Germany.

Since then, Musk has replied to, quoted or tagged Seibt more than 50 times, and her followers have grown by more than 320,000 since Musk took over the platform. On days Musk interacted with Seibt, her posts, on average, got 2.6 times as many views.

“I didn’t intentionally ‘invade’ Elon’s algorithm,” Seibt told AP. “Obviously Elon has a lot of influence and can help share a message even with those who are usually glued to the legacy media, particularly in Germany.”

Seibt said she’s now living in the United States because she fears political persecution in Europe. “Washington DC is the political heart of America and thus also the safest place for me to be,” she said. “I fear the German state wants me locked up.”

Musk has also boosted the influence of political insurgents in the U.K. Days before British national elections last July, Musk took to X to ask Nigel Farage, the leader of the populist Reform U.K. party: “Why does the media keep calling you far-right? What are your policies?”

Farage replied eagerly: “Because we believe in family, country and strong borders. Call me!”

Such interactions from Musk helped Farage more than triple his daily audience. Farage did not reply to requests for comment.

In Spain, Rubén Pulido, a columnist for a newspaper published by the populist Vox party’s think tank, hit the jackpot in August, when Musk responded to two posts in which he argued that rescue boats operated by nongovernmental organizations effectively help smugglers move migrants to Europe. Pulido’s visibility soared. On days Musk engaged with him, his account got nearly 300,000 views — roughly three times more than usual.

When Musk didn’t interact with Pulido’s account, the results were just as clear. In January, he again inveighed against migrant rescues and sought to get Musk’s attention.

“Hi @elonmusk! Speak up,” he urged.

Three weeks later, he tweeted: “Perhaps @elonmusk might find this interesting.”

That post garnered just 5,128 views.

Pulido did not respond to requests for comment.

While Musk helped boost the accounts of such fringe parties and rising influencers, his interactions did not provide as stark a benefit to more established politicians, AP found. That was true for both Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, whose ruling Brothers of Italy party has neo-fascist roots, and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, an anti-Islamic firebrand who has been called the Dutch Donald Trump.

Musk’s interactions online have spilled into political endorsements, policy advocacy -- and money.

X helps users monetize their accounts, through ad revenue sharing and paid subscription programs as well as direct fundraising links. That means a surge in attention on X can bring a surge in revenue.

Tommy Robinson, a British anti-immigration agitator who was released from prison in May, after serving a reduced sentence of seven months for contempt of court, has a link to his fundraising page on his X profile. Interactions from Musk more than doubled Robinson’s daily views, from around 380,000 to nearly 850,000. Robinson — whose real name is Stephen Yaxley-Lennon — could not be reached for comment

Radio Genoa, an account reportedly investigated by Italian authorities last year for allegedly spreading hate speech about migrants, used X to publicize a call for a GoFundMe campaign to raise money for legal defense. Radio Genoa has pinged Musk dozens of times over the last three years, and for good reason: On days Musk engaged with him, the views on his account doubled. Radio Genoa’s followers surged from less than 200,000 before Musk’s engagement to over 1.2 million. Radio Genoa could not be reached for comment.

Eva Vlaardingerbroek -- a conservative Dutch political commentator dubbed the “shieldmaiden of the far-right” whose account Musk has engaged with three dozen times -- uses X to solicit tips and has creator status, which allows her to charge subscription fees. So does Seibt, the German activist -- though she told AP her earnings from X aren’t enough to sustain herself. Vlaardingerbroek did not respond to requests for comment.

Musk has also advocated for Matteo Salvini, vice premier of Italy and the leader of the hard-right, anti-migrant League party. On X, Musk’s interactions boosted Salvini’s daily visibility more than fourfold. Offline, Salvini has urged Italy to move ahead with controversial contracts for Starlink and pushed back against EU efforts to regulate content on X.

Before Fidias Panayiotou — a 25-year-old social media influencer from Cyprus with no political experience — won a surprise seat as an independent in the European Parliament last year, he spent weeks camped outside Twitter and Space X headquarters in a highly publicized quest to hug the world’s richest man. In January 2023, his wish came true. Their embrace went viral.

Soon, Musk was interacting with Panayiotou’s posts on a variety of subjects, expanding his typical audience on X by more than 3,000%.

Since taking his seat, Panayiotou -- whose positions often also reflect the views of Cyprus’ traditional leftist establishment -- has praised X on the floor of the European Parliament, pushed back against regulations that impact the platform, and credited Musk with sparking his call to fire 80% of EU bureaucrats.

Musk, evidently, was pleased. “Vote for Fidias,” he posted on X, an endorsement that was viewed more than 11.5 million times. “He is smart, super high energy and genuinely cares about you!”

In July, after AP asked for comment, Panayiotou posted a video to dispel any impression that he was Musk’s puppet. “I don’t have any relationship with Elon Musk,” he said. “We haven’t spoken at all since we hugged, neither through messages, nor by phone, and I’ve never invited him anywhere.”

He said that Musk, unprompted, began reposting his content after he was elected to the European Parliament.

“I don’t think it’s a danger to democracy honestly that Elon Musk supports me,” Panayiotou explained in another video. “I think this is the beauty of democracy.”

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Kessler reported from Washington. Menelaos Hadjicostis in Nicosia and Suman Naishadham in Madrid contributed to this report.

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Contact AP’s global investigative team at Investigative@ap.org or https://www.ap.org/tips/

FILE - Elon Musk speaks at the Conservative Political Action Conference, CPAC, at the Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center, Thursday, Feb. 20, 2025, in Oxon Hill, Md. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)

FILE - President Donald Trump, right, speaks during a news conference with Elon Musk in the Oval Office of the White House, Friday, May 30, 2025, in Washington. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)

In this combination of 2023 photos, a worker removes parts of a sign on the Twitter headquarters building in San Francisco, on July 24, right; and workers install lighting on an "X" sign atop the downtown San Francisco building that housed what was previously known as Twitter, rebranded "X" by new owner Elon Musk, on July 28. (AP Photos/Godofredo A. Vásquez, Noah Berger)

AP Illustration / Marshall Ritzel

MANILA, Philippines (AP) — The southern Philippines once drew small numbers of foreign militants aligned with al-Qaida or the Islamic State group to train in a secessionist conflict involving minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation.

That backdrop prompted an investigation this week by Australian and Filipino into a recent trip to the southern Philippine region of Mindanao by the father and son accused of gunning down 15 people at Sydney’s Bondi Beach on Sunday.

Australian police said the attack was inspired by the Islamic State group. Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said Tuesday the IS link assessment was based on evidence obtained, including “the presence of Islamic State flags in the vehicle that has been seized.”

The Bureau of Immigration in Manila said Tuesday that the suspects stayed in the Philippines from Nov. 1 to Nov. 28 with the southern city of Davao as their final destination before flying back to Australia.

Philippine National Security Adviser Eduardo Año told The Associated Press without elaborating on Thursday that the suspected gunmen stayed in a budget hotel in downtown Davao city and there was no indication that the two received any training for the attack in the Philippines.

“There is no valid report or confirmation that the two received any form of military training while in the country and no evidence supports such a claim at present,” Año, a former military chief of staff, said in a statement. He said that "the duration of their stay would not have allowed for any meaningful or structured training.”

Here is a look at the details of Islamic militancy in the southern Philippines:

Davao is one of the key cities on the island of Mindanao from which travelers can access interior provinces, which have a history of Muslim rebel attacks in the past.

Centuries of colonialism by the Spanish, the United States and Filipino Christian settlers turned Muslims into a minority group in resource-rich Mindanao, the southern third of the archipelago that has seen decades of intermittent but bloody conflicts over land, resources and political power.

Since the 1970s, about 150,000 combatants and civilians have died in the southern Philippines while development was stunted in the country's poorest region. Western and Asian governments feared the tenacious insurgencies could help foster Islamic extremism in Southeast Asia.

Among the foreign militants who have sought sanctuary in Mindanao was Umar Patek, an Indonesian and leading member of Jemaah Islamiyah, a network linked to al-Qaida. He was convicted of helping make explosives used in the 2002 nightclub bombing in Bali, Indonesia, that killed 202 people, mostly foreign tourists including 88 Australians. He was arrested in Pakistan in 2011, according to Philippine security officials.

The Philippines government and Muslim separatists signed a peace pact in 1996 that allowed thousands of rebels to return to their communities in Mindanao and retain their firearms.

A separate peace agreement signed in 2014 provided broader Muslim autonomy in exchange for the gradual deactivation of thousands of fighters. The pact turned some of the fiercest rebel commanders into administrators of a Muslim autonomous region called Bangsamoro.

More importantly, it turned the rebel front into guardians against the Islamic State group and its effort to gain a foothold in Mindanao.

At least four smaller groups broke off from the two largest Muslim rebel fronts that signed peace deals. The groups included the violent Abu Sayyaf, which would be blacklisted as a terror organization by the U.S. and the Philippines for mass kidnappings for ransom, beheadings and deadly bombings.

Most Abu Sayyaf commanders, who had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State group, were killed in battle, including a 2017 siege of southern Marawi, a city in Mindanao, by Filipino forces backed by U.S. and Australian surveillance aircraft.

Decades of military offensives have considerably weakened Abu Sayyaf and other armed groups and there has been no indication of any presence of foreign militants in the southern Philippines after the last two groups were “neutralized” in 2023, according to a senior Philippine security official and a confidential joint assessment by the military and police early last year that was seen by the AP.

Early this month, the Philippine army reported troops killed a suspected bomb maker and leader of Dawlah Islamiyah-Hassan, a group linked to IS, in southern Maguindanao del Sur province.

Sidney Jones, a U.S.-based analyst who has studied Islamic militant movements in Southeast Asia, said that given such militant setbacks it was hard to see why the suspected Bondi Beach attackers would want to train in Mindanao.

“The level of violence in Mindanao is high, but for the last three years, it’s almost all been linked to elections, clan feuds, or other sources,” Jones said. “If I were a would-be ISIS fighter, the Philippines would not have been my top destination.”

A police vehicle passes by a budget hotel in downtown Davao City, southern Philippines on Wednesday Dec. 17, 2025, as they assist investigations on where Bondi beach suspects reportedly stayed while in the country in November. (AP Photo/Manman Dejeto)

The coffin of Rabbi Eli Schlanger, a victim in the Bondi Beach mass shooting, is escorted out of a synagogue after his funeral service in Bondi on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 2025, in Sydney, Australia. (AP Photo/Mark Baker, Pool)

Relatives of Rabbi Eli Schlanger, who was killed in the Bondi shootings, react over his coffin during his funeral at Synagogue in Bondi, Sydney, Wednesday, Dec.17, 2025. (Hollie Adams/Pool Photo via AP)

The coffin of Rabbi Yaakov Levitan, a victim in the Bondi Beach mass shooting, is carried into a chapel for his funeral in Sydney, Wednesday, Dec. 17, 2025. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

Rabbi Yehoram Ulman, father-in-law of Rabbi Eli Schlanger, a victim in the Bondi Beach mass shooting, speaks at his funeral at a synagogue in Bondi on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 2025, in Sydney, Australia. (AP Photo/Mark Baker, Pool)