Nobel economics prize goes to 3 researchers for explaining innovation-driven economic growth

STOCKHOLM (AP) — Three researchers who probed the process of business innovation won the Nobel memorial prize in economics Monday for explaining how new products and inventions promote economic growth and human welfare, even as they leave older companies in the dust.

Their work was credited with helping economists better understand how ideas and technology succeed by disrupting established ways — a process as old as steam locomotives replacing horse-drawn wagons and as contemporary as e-commerce shuttering shopping malls.

The award was shared by Dutch-born Joel Mokyr, 79, who is at Northwestern University; Philippe Aghion, 69, who works at the Collège de France and the London School of Economics; and Canadian-born Peter Howitt, 79, who is at Brown University.

The winners were credited with better explaining and quantifying “creative destruction,” a key concept in economics that refers to the process by which new innovations replace older technologies and businesses.

The concept is usually associated with economist Joseph Schumpeter, who outlined it in his 1942 book “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.” Schumpeter called the concept “the essential fact about capitalism.”

The Nobel committee said Mokyr “demonstrated that if innovations are to succeed one another in a self-generating process, we not only need to know that something works, but we also need to have scientific explanations for why.”

Aghion and Howitt studied the mechanisms behind sustained growth, including in a 1992 article that offered a complex mathematical model for creative destruction that added new aspects not included in earlier models.

Examples of creative destruction include e-commerce disrupting retail, streaming services replacing videocassette and DVD rentals and internet advertising undermining newspaper advertising. A classic illustration is horse-cart whip makers put out of business by the automobile.

“The laureates’ work shows that economic growth cannot be taken for granted. We must uphold the mechanisms that underlie creative destruction, so that we do not fall back into stagnation,” said John Hassler, chair of the committee for the prize in economic sciences.

Howitt and Aghion’s model showed that markets with too few dominant companies can hinder innovation and growth — a concern that has been raised about industries such as telecommunications, social media platforms and airlines.

They found it was important to support people who are affected by changes while making it easy to move to more productive workplaces — to protect workers more than specific jobs. They also stressed the importance of social mobility, where a person's profession or trade is not defined by their parents' identity.

Mokyr has long been known as an optimist about technological innovation. About a decade ago, many economists took a more pessimistic view, arguing that inventions such as smartphones or even the internet had less of an economic impact than previous developments such as the airplane or the car.

Mokyr responded that because many new services were either cheap or free, their impact wasn’t evident in economic data, but they still provided enormous benefits.

In an interview with The Associated Press in 2015, he cited the music streaming service Spotify as an example of an “absolutely astonishing” innovation that economists had difficulty measuring. Mokyr noted he once owned more than 1,000 CDs and many vinyl records, but now he could access a huge music library for a small monthly fee.

He acknowledged that new inventions often cause at least short-term job loss or reduced earnings for workers. Like many economists, he argued that innovations also created unexpected jobs that offered fresh opportunities.

The Nobel committee noted that for much of human history, economic stagnation, rather than growth, was the norm. Starting with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, European and later other economies began to grow.

Innovation — and how to foster it — is an urgent question in Europe, where a report by former European Central Bank head Mario Draghi argued that Europe faces a rising productivity gap with the U.S. in digital technology. Aghion said the challenge was for Europe to keep pace with the U.S. and China in innovation by promoting research and the venture capital financing to turn ideas into businesses.

“We have to wake up," he told AP. "Because you know who will win in this competition? Those who innovate.”

Aghion said he believes artificial intelligence has “huge growth potential, but it all depends on the institutions and policies we put in place.” He said policies need to foster competition because big actors already in the sector know how to manage regulations, and that may discourage new entrants.

Mokyr said the notion that AI is a “monstrosity” that will drive humans into extinction comes from “people who have read too much dystopian fiction. Nothing of the sort is ever going to happen.”

Instead, he said at a news conference at Northwestern that he views it “primarily as a magnificent research assistant” that can gather and process information quickly.

He also disputed the notion that machines replace people. “They move us to more interesting, more challenging work," he said.

Mokyr said he awoke around 5 a.m. and opened his laptop to find multiple congratulatory messages, which confused him. He checked his phone and saw a message from a Swedish number. He called it and was told he won the prize.

“I think I sat there for 15 minutes, sort of dazed,” he told AP in an interview at his home in Skokie, Illinois. He will turn 80 next summer but said he has no plans to retire.

“This is the type of job that I dreamed about my entire life,” he said.

Howitt said he discovered he had won the Nobel prize when a Swedish reporter called him as he was waking up. At first, he thought it was a hoax.

“We had no Champagne in the refrigerator. We were not anticipating this,” he joked with reporters.

Aghion said the Nobel committee did not have his co-winners’ contact information, so they asked him for it.

"It’s really the dream prize, with the people I dreamed of getting it with,” Aghion said.

One half of the 11 million Swedish kronor (nearly $1.2 million) prize goes to Mokyr, and the other half is shared by Aghion and Howitt. Winners also receive an 18-carat gold medal and a diploma.

The economics prize is formally known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The central bank established it in 1968 as a memorial to Nobel, the 19th-century Swedish businessman and chemist who invented dynamite and established the five Nobel Prizes.

Since then, it has been awarded 57 times to a total of 99 laureates. Only three of the winners have been women.

Nobel purists stress that the economics prize is technically not a Nobel Prize, but it is always presented together with the others on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death in 1896.

Nobel honors were announced last week in medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace.

McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany. Rugaber reported from Washington and Corder from The Hague, Netherlands. Associated Press journalists John Leicester and Oleg Cetinic in Paris, Laura Bargfeld in Skokie, Illinois, and Kimberlee Kruesi in Providence, Rhode Island, contributed to this report.

Joel Mokyr poses for a photo at his home, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025, in Skokie, Ill., after winning the Nobel prize in economics. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Joel Mokyr after winning the Nobel prize in economics, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025, in Skokie, Ill. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

France's Philippe Aghion reacts before an interview with the Associated Press after winning the Nobel prize in economics, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025 in Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)

France's Philippe Aghion smiles before an interview with the Associated Press after winning the Nobel prize in economics Monday, Oct. 13, 2025 in Paris. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)

Professor John Hassler, from left, Hans Ellegren, Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Sciences and Professor Kerstin Enflo, announce Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt as the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025. (Anders Wiklund/TT News Agency via AP)

Professor John Hassler, from left, Hans Ellegren, Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Sciences and Professor Kerstin Enflo, announce Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt as the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025. (Anders Wiklund/TT News Agency via AP)

Joel Mokyr, from left, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt (on screen) announced as the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025. (Anders Wiklund/TT News Agency via AP)

Professor John Hassler, from left, Hans Ellegren, Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Sciences and Professor Kerstin Enflo, announce Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt as the recipients the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, Monday, Oct. 13, 2025. (Anders Wiklund/TT News Agency via AP)

FILE - French economist Philippe Aghion attends a round table discussion on the 'The future of European competitiveness' at the College de France in Paris, France, Wednesday, Nov. 13 2024. (Teresa Suarez, Pool via AP, File)

FILE - A Nobel Prize medal is displayed before a ceremony at the Swedish Ambassador's Residence in London, Monday, Dec. 6, 2021. (AP Photo/Matt Dunham, File)

UTICA, N.Y. (AP) — A New York prison guard who failed to intervene as he watched an inmate being beaten to death should be convicted of manslaughter, a prosecutor told a jury Thursday in the final trial of correctional officers whose pummeling, recorded by body-cameras, provoked outrage.

“For seven minutes — seven gut-churning, nauseating, disgusting minutes — he stood in that room close enough to touch him and he did nothing,” special prosecutor William Fitzpatrick told jurors during closing arguments. The jury began deliberating Thursday afternoon.

Former corrections officer Michael Fisher, 55, is charged with second-degree manslaughter in the death of Robert Brooks, who was beaten by guards upon his arrival at Marcy Correctional Facility on the night of Dec. 9, 2024, his agony recorded silently on the guards' body cameras.

Fisher’s attorney, Scott Iseman, said his client entered the infirmary after the beating began and could not have known the extent of his injuries.

Fisher was among 10 guards indicted in February. Three more agreed to plead guilty to reduced charges in return for cooperating with prosecutors. Of the 10 officers indicted in February, six pleaded guilty to manslaughter or lesser charges. Four rejected plea deals. One was convicted of murder, and two were acquitted in the first trial last fall.

Fisher, standing alone, is the last of the guards to face a jury.

The trial closes a chapter in a high-profile case led to reforms in New York's prisons. But advocates say the prisons remain plagued by understaffing and other problems, especially since a wildcat strike by guards last year.

Officials took action amid outrage over the images of the guards beating the 43-year-old Black man in the prison's infirmary. Officers could be seen striking Brooks in the chest with a shoe, lifting him by the neck and dropping him.

Video shown to the jury during closing arguments Thursday indicates Fisher stood by the doorway and didn't intervene.

“Did Michael Fisher recklessly cause the death of Robert Brooks? Of course he did. Not by himself. He had plenty of other helpers,” said Fitzpatrick, the Onondaga County district attorney.

Iseman asked jurors looking at the footage to consider what Fisher could have known at the time “without the benefit of 2020 hindsight.”

“Michael Fisher did not have a rewind button. He did not have the ability to enhance. He did not have the ability to pause. He did not have the ability to get a different perspective of what was happening in the room,” Iseman said.

Even before Brooks' death, critics claimed the prison system was beset by problems that included brutality, overworked staff and inconsistent services. By the time criminal indictments were unsealed in February, the system was reeling from an illegal three-week wildcat strike by corrections officers who were upset over working conditions. Gov. Kathy Hochul deployed National Guard troops to maintain operations. More than 2,000 guards were fired.

Prison deaths during the strike included Messiah Nantwi on March 1 at Mid-State Correctional Facility, which is across the road from the Marcy prison. 10 other guards were indicted in Nantwi's death in April, including two charged with murder.

There are still about 3,000 National Guard members serving the state prison system, according to state officials.

“The absence of staff in critical positions is affecting literally every aspect of prison operations. And I think the experience for incarcerated people is neglect,” Jennifer Scaife, executive director of the Correctional Association of New York, an independent monitoring group, said on the eve of Fisher's trial.

Hochul last month announced a broad reform agreement with lawmakers that includes a requirement that cameras be installed in all facilities and that video recordings related to deaths behind bars be promptly released to state investigators.

The state also lowered the hiring age for correction officers from 21 to 18 years of age.

FILE - This image provided by the New York State Attorney General office shows body camera footage of correction officers beating a handcuffed man, Robert Brooks, at the Marcy Correctional Facility in Oneida County, N.Y., Dec. 9, 2024. (New York State Attorney General office via AP, File)