Like many holiday traditions, lighting candles and fireplaces is best done in moderation

The warm spices in gingerbread, the woodsy aroma of pine and fir trees, and the fruity tang of mulled wine are smells synonymous with the holiday season. Many people enjoy lighting candles, incense and fireplaces in their homes to evoke the moods associated with these festive fragrances.

Burning scented products may create a cozy ambiance, and in the case of fireplaces, provide light and heat, but some experts want people to consider how doing so contributes to the quality of the air indoors. All flames release chemicals that may cause allergy-like symptoms or contribute to long-term respiratory problems if they are inhaled in sufficient quantities.

However, people don't have to stop sitting by the hearth or get rid of products like perfumed candles and essential oil diffusers, said Dr. Meredith McCormack, director of the pulmonary and critical care medicine division at John Hopkins University’s medical school. Instead, she recommends taking precautions to control the pollutants in their homes.

“Clean air is fragrance free,” said McCormack, who has studied air quality and lung health for more than 20 years. “If having seasonal scents is part of your tradition or evokes feelings of nostalgia, maybe think about it in moderation.”

People in the Northern Hemisphere tend to spend more time indoors during the end-of-year holidays, when temperatures are colder. Indoor air can be significantly more polluted than outdoor air because pollutants get trapped inside and concentrated without proper ventilation or filtration, according to the American Lung Association.

For example, active fireplaces and gas appliances release tiny airborne particles that can get into the lungs and chemicals like nitrogen dioxide, a major component of smog, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cleaning products, air fresheners and candles also emit air pollutants at varying concentrations.

The risk fragrances and other air pollutants may pose to respiratory health depends on the source, the length and intensity of a person’s exposure, and individual health, McCormack said.

It is also important to note that some pollutants have no smell, so unscented products still can affect indoor air quality, experts say.

Polluted air affects everyone but not equally. Children, older adults, minority populations and people of low socioeconomic status are more likely to be affected by poor air quality because of either physiological vulnerabilities or higher exposure, according to the environmental agency.

Children are more susceptible to air pollution because of their lung size, which means they get a greater dose of exposure relative to their body size, McCormack said. Pollutants inside the home also post a greater hazard to people with heart or lung conditions, including asthma, she said.

Signs of respiratory irritation include coughing, shortness of breath, headaches, a runny nose and sneezing. Experts advise stopping use of pollutant-releasing products or immediately ventilating rooms if symptoms occur.

“The more risk factors you have, the more harmful air pollution or poor air quality indoors can be,” McCormack said.

Ellen Wilkowe burns candles with scents like vanilla and cinnamon when she does yoga, writes or when she is showering at her home in New Jersey. Her teenage daughter, on the other hand, likes more seasonally scented candles like gingerbread.

“The candle has a calming presence. They are also very symbolic and used in rituals and many religions,” she said.

Wilkowe said she leans toward candles made with soy-based waxes instead of petroleum-based paraffin. Experts note that all lit candles give off air pollutants regardless of what they are made of.

Buying products with fewer ingredients, opening windows if the temperatures allow, and using air purifiers with HEPA filters are ways to reduce exposure to any pollutants from indoor fireplaces, appliances and candle displays, McCormack said. She also recommends switching on kitchen exhaust fans before starting a gas-powered stovetop and using the back burners so the vent can more easily suck up pollutants.

Setting polite boundaries with guests who smoke cigarettes or other tobacco products is also a good idea, she said.

“Small improvements in air quality can have measurable health benefits," McCormack said. "Similarly to if we exercise and eat a little better, we can be healthier.”

Rachael Lewis-Abbott, a member of the Indoor Air Quality Association, an organization for professionals who identify and address air quality problems, said people don't usually notice what they are breathing in until problems like gas leaks or mold develop.

“It is out of sight, out of mind,” she said.

FILE - This Nov. 1, 2017 photos shows a scented candle produced by Bristol, Tenn., resident Jessie Duckett at her home business. (Andre Teague/Bristol Herald Courier via AP, File)

FILE - The vice president's official residence living room is decorated with a Christmas tree featuring whimsical old fashioned toys and a Christmas wreath above a fireplace Monday, Nov. 30, 2020 in Washington. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta, File)

FILE- An scented candle called Bright Christmas Morning is shown at a Bath and Body Works store on Wednesday, Oct. 9, 2024, in New York. (AP Photo/Peter Morgan, File)

FILE - The vice president's official residence living room is decorated with a Christm (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta, File)

FILE - This Feb. 2, 2015 photo shows rocking chairs in front of the massive stone fireplace in the lobby of the Grove Park Inn in Asheville, N.C. (AP Photo/Beth J. Harpaz, File)

KYIV, Ukraine (AP) — Russian and Ukrainian officials are making contradictory claims of battlefield successes in their 4-year-old war, with Ukraine saying it has pushed Moscow’s forces back in some places on the front line but the Kremlin insisting that Russia’s invasion of its neighbor is making progress.

At the same time, Russia’s almost daily aerial attacks on civilian areas of Ukraine continue. Three powerful glide bombs struck the center of the eastern Ukrainian city of Sloviansk, killing four people, the head of the Donetsk regional military administration, Vadym Filashkin, said Tuesday. At least 16 other people, including a 14-year-old girl, were wounded.

Overnight drone strikes on three other Ukrainian cities wounded at least 17 people, including two children, emergency services said Tuesday.

Ukraine’s air force said that it shot down 122 out of 137 drones that Russia launched during the night.

U.S.-brokered talks between Russia and Ukraine are on hold as Washington’s attention is gripped by the Iran war, which has drawn the international spotlight from Ukraine’s plight as it strives to hold back Russia’s bigger army.

Despite being short of soldiers, Ukrainian forces have recently retaken nearly all the territory of the southeastern Dnipropetrovsk industrial region during a counteroffensive, driving Russian troops out of more than 400 square kilometers (150 square miles), Maj. Gen. Oleksandr Komarenko said in an interview published Tuesday by local media outlet RBC-Ukraine.

He described the overall situation on the front line as difficult but under control, with the heaviest fighting continuing near Pokrovsk in eastern Ukraine and Oleksandrivka in the south, where he said Russian forces have concentrated their main effort.

There was no independent verification of his description of the military situation.

However, the Institute for the Study of War, a Washington-based think tank, said late Monday that recent Ukrainian counterattacks “are generating tactical, operational and strategic effects that may disrupt Russia’s spring-summer 2026 offensive campaign plan.”

Meanwhile, a Kremlin aide said that Russian President Vladimir Putin told U.S. President Donald Trump late Monday that Russian forces are “advancing rather successfully” in Ukraine.

That progress should “encourage” Kyiv to “move toward a negotiated settlement of the conflict,” Yuri Ushakov told reporters — even though Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has repeatedly demanded a lasting peace deal and European governments accuse Putin of feigning interest in talks while the Russian military keeps hammering Ukraine.

The Kremlin is hoping that the Iran war will bring it a financial windfall from rising oil prices, distract global attention from the Ukraine war, run down Western arsenals and force the U.S. and its NATO allies to reduce military support for Kyiv.

Zelenskyy, meanwhile, is hoping that by supplying its cutting-edge and battle-tested drone technology to the United States and its Gulf partners for the war in the Middle East, Ukraine will win more international diplomatic leverage against Moscow.

He is also seeking a reciprocal supply of advanced American-made air defense missiles Ukraine needs to counter Russia’s attacks.

Follow AP’s coverage of the war in Ukraine at https://apnews.com/hub/russia-ukraine

Rescuers put out the fire at a residential neighbourhood following Russia's drone attack in Kharkiv, Ukraine, late Monday, March 9, 2026. (AP Photo/Andrii Marienko)

Rescuers put out the fire at a residential neighborhood following Russia's drone attack in Kharkiv, Ukraine, late Monday, March 9, 2026. (AP Photo/Andrii Marienko)

People look at fragments of a Russian drone that hit residential neighbourhood during air attack in Kharkiv, Ukraine, late Monday, March 9, 2026. (AP Photo/Andrii Marienko)