How the Rev. Jesse Jackson helped popularize the term 'African American'

The Rev. Jesse Jackson, who died Tuesday at age 84, helped push for widespread usage of the term “African American” as a way to reclaim cultural identity.

The protege of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. joined calls by NAACP members and other movement leaders in the late 1980s to replace “colored" and “blacks” with a term they thought better represented the community’s ancestral roots and brought a sense of dignity.

“To be called African Americans has cultural integrity — it puts us in our proper historical context,” Jackson said at the time. “Every ethnic group in this country has a reference to some base, some historical, cultural base.”

Jackson, a two-time presidential candidate who led the Civil Rights Movement for decades after King’s assassination, had a rare neurological disorder and died at home in Chicago surrounded by family, his daughter Santita Jackson confirmed Tuesday.

Over his lifetime, Jackson advocated for poor and underrepresented people getting voting rights, jobs and educational opportunities, and he amplified calls for Black pride. He thought a change in terminology — one that came from within the Black community itself — would help boost self-esteem.

“African American” was used by some scholars long before the push by Jackson and the NAACP, but it didn't enter the common vernacular until the reverend drummed up community support. The term appears as early as 1782 on a title page to a pamphlet of a sermon “By an African American” published in Philadelphia, according to research by Yale law librarian Fred R. Shapiro.

Jackson took cues from movements in other minority groups that were also pushing to change how they were labeled or recognized.

Debates had arisen in the 1990s over the terms “Latino” and “Hispanic.” And Asian Americans had just successfully lobbied the U.S. Census Bureau to get Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders listed for the first time in the 1990 census. Although the popularization of “African American” came too late for the census that year, the agency did put out guidance that “Black or Negro includes African-Americans.”

Sociologist Walter Allen, who is Black, called the adoption of the term “a significant psychological and cultural turning point” in a January 1989 article in the New York Times.

That came a month after Jackson convened a meeting of 75 Black groups, including fraternities, sororities, advocacy organizations and social groups, in which organizers said there was “overwhelming consensus” in favor of the change. Some school districts in Chicago and Atlanta were quick to adopt the term and incorporate it into their curriculum.

Now the terms “Black” and “African American” are often used interchangeably in the U.S., though “Black” is often seen as more inclusive. It's broader and can include people from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Those who dislike the term “African American” say it puts a modifier on their American identity or suggests a modern, personal link to Africa that doesn't necessarily reflect their lived experience.

Associated Press reporter Jack Dura contributed to this report.

FILE - Civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., right, and his aide Rev. Jesse Jackson are seen in Chicago, Aug. 19, 1966. (AP Photo/Larry Stoddard, File)

FILE - Jesse Jackson joins the crowd before the start of the world welterweight championship bout between Floyd Mayweather Jr., and Manny Pacquiao in Las Vegas on May 2, 2015. (AP Photo/Isaac Brekken, File)

NEW YORK (AP) — An immigration judge has blocked the Trump administration from deporting Mohsen Mahdawi, a Palestinian graduate student who led protests at Columbia University against Israel and the war in Gaza.

In a ruling made public Tuesday, the judge, Nina Froes, said she had terminated the case because of a procedural misstep by government attorneys, who failed to properly certify an official document they intended to use as evidence.

The Trump administration may appeal the decision. But the ruling marked the latest setback for the federal government’s sweeping effort to expel pro-Palestinian campus activists and others who expressed criticism of Israel.

Last month, a separate immigration blocked the government’s attempt to deport a Tufts University graduate student, Rümeysa Öztürk, over an op-ed criticizing the school’s response to the war in Gaza.

Mahdawi, a legal permanent resident of the U.S. for the last decade, was born in a refugee camp in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. He was arrested by immigration agents during a citizenship interview last April, but he was released two weeks later by a federal judge.

In the months since, the government has continued its effort to deport him, citing a memo from Secretary of State Marco Rubio arguing noncitizens can be expelled from the country if their presence may undermine U.S. foreign policy interests.

Government attorneys submitted a photocopy of the document to the immigration judge, but they failed to certify it as required under federal law, the judge wrote.

“I am grateful to the court for honoring the rule of law and holding the line against the government’s attempts to trample on due process,” Mahdawi said in a statement released by his attorneys. “This decision is an important step towards upholding what fear tried to destroy: the right to speak for peace and justice."

Mahdawi has also mounted a separate case in federal district court arguing that he was unlawfully detained. That case remains ongoing, his lawyers said.

In an e-mailed statement, Tricia McLaughlin, a spokesperson for the Department of Homeland Security, cast Mahdawi as a leader of “pro-terrorist riots" whose visa should be revoked.

“No activist judge, not this one or any other, is going to stop us from doing that,” she added.

FILE - Mohsen Mahdawi speaks outside the courthouse after a judge released the Palestinian student activist, on April 30, 2025 in Burlington, Vt. (AP Photo/Amanda Swinhart, File)