DAEJEON, South Korea--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sep 8, 2026--
Panmnesia, a fabless semiconductor company, and Meta, a global hyperscaler, have jointly proposed a next-generation artificial intelligence datacenter architecture in which an entire datacenter operates like a single chip. The work appears as an invited Review in Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering (NREE), a Nature Portfolio journal.
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The unit of AI execution is moving from one chip to the whole datacenter
As AI models grow into the trillions of parameters, a single training step can involve hundreds to thousands of accelerators exchanging terabytes of data. Because overall progress is set by the slowest participant, adding accelerators boosts compute capacity, but it also makes the system prone to frequent delays and failures caused by bottlenecking stragglers. When one component responds late, the rest stop and wait — and the wider the range of latency becomes, the harder it is to predict when a job will finish.
Narrowing that spread—and thereby creating a larger, more stable unit of execution—is an industry-wide challenge. Within a rack, devices are already tightly coupled through dedicated high-speed links. The next challenge lies in the segment beyond it — the connection between racks. Today, that segment still relies largely on general-purpose networks such as Ethernet or InfiniBand, where each request must pass through a network interface and a software-based coordination layer, each of which widens latency spread along the way. This work aims to bring greater predictability to this cross-rack segment.
Their foundation is Compute Express Link (CXL), an open industry standard. CXL is developed collaboratively by semiconductor and infrastructure companies, so it can be adopted across the industry without being locked into a single vendor's ecosystem. The architecture proposed by Panmnesia and Meta uses CXL to minimize latency variability beyond the rack. The goal is a datacenter that behaves with the predictability of a single chip.
At the core of the CXL-based architecture: three hardware elements and a hierarchical deployment
The proposed architecture places CPUs, accelerators and memory in a single CXL-based domain, extending the range over which cache coherence is maintained from within the rack to the datacenter as a whole. Three hardware elements — a high-fan-out non-blocking switch, a link acceleration unit (LAU) and a fabric controller — bound latency variability, and the resources themselves are laid out using the same principles that govern the placement of blocks inside a chip. To overcome the physical reach limits of electrical signaling, the Review also sets out how optical links (CXL-over-optics) can extend the reach of a CXL fabric. (Details are given in the Appendix.)
To gauge the effect of the architecture, the Review uses a conventional rack-scale configuration — one CPU coupled to two accelerators — as its reference point. Against that baseline, the number of accelerators a single CPU coordinates rises eightfold, from two to sixteen, and the coherence domain that operates as one unit grows to as many as 960 accelerators, roughly 13 times the reference platform. Accesses that once left the rack to traverse a network now follow a fixed path, with round-trip latency falling from the microsecond range to several hundred nanoseconds — as much as an order of magnitude lower. The unit of replacement after a failure also narrows from a whole server to a single device. Coupling devices at this scale into what behaves as one execution environment would make it possible to train a far larger single AI model without interruption, or to run multiple services concurrently on shared infrastructure without one stalling another.
Review articles in NREE are published by invitation only: the journal identifies a small number of researchers or organizations leading a given field and commissions the work from them. Nature’s selection of Panmnesia as an author on CXL-based datacenter architecture reflects recognition of the company’s technology as representative of the field. Panmnesia is the first semiconductor startup worldwide to lead an NREE Review, and the article is also the journal’s first Review to address CXL technology and AI datacenter architecture.
Myoungsoo Jung, CEO of Panmnesia, said, “As AI systems continue to scale, the ability to connect large numbers of accelerators and memory devices quickly and efficiently is becoming just as important as the performance of individual accelerators. This research outlines a direction for next-generation AI infrastructure, where CXL enables the entire datacenter to operate as a single computing system.”
Panmnesia has already implemented the architecture's core components in silicon, has completed validation, and is now preparing them for commercial supply. The Review is available at the link below.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-026-00315-5
The CXL-based one-chip-like datacenter architecture introduced by Meta and Panmnesia in Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering, illustrating the idea of operating an entire datacenter as though it were a single chip.
WASHINGTON (AP) — Republicans appeared to have a firm grip on the Senate heading into the final two years of President Donald Trump’s term. But with less than two months until Election Day, control of the chamber is now up for grabs.
Democrats have found themselves competing in states that once seemed beyond their reach as Trump’s slipping approval ratings and voters' dissatisfaction with the economy create a difficult political environment for Republicans. But races Democrats once counted on winning have also become more complicated.
It's a battle that's expected to exceed $3.4 billion in spending across all races during the midterm campaign. The implications are huge for Trump’s agenda and his ability to fill administration jobs and open court seats for the remainder of his term, as the Senate is empowered to confirm or block presidential nominees.
Republicans say it's unlikely for everything to break in Democrats' favor, but they acknowledge they're facing a difficult landscape. Senate Majority Leader John Thune told South Dakota's KELOLAND News last week that he does “worry” about losing the chamber.
“I’m a realist," Thune said. "I don’t ever try and sugarcoat things. I think it’s a competitive environment right now.”
Democrats need to net four seats to win the majority. The original path had been to hold Michigan, Georgia and New Hampshire while winning back Republican-held seats in Alaska, Maine, North Carolina and Ohio. But things have changed.
“We now have multiple paths for the majority,” Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer said last month. “We found new states — Iowa, Texas — which people a year ago weren't even paying attention to.”
Some of the states where Democrats were feeling most optimistic at the start of the election cycle, such as Michigan and Maine, have grown murkier.
In Michigan, where there's an open seat this fall, no GOP candidate has won a Senate race since 1994. But Democrats are struggling to unite behind nominee Abdul El-Sayed. The favorite of progressives narrowly defeated moderate U.S. Rep. Haley Stevens in the August primary, and feelings remain raw from a bruising contest that saw nearly $70 million spent against El-Sayed.
Republicans believe Mike Rogers, who lost the 2024 Senate race by fewer than 20,000 votes, has an improved shot against El-Sayed. The Senate Leadership Fund — Senate Republicans' spending PAC — added $6 million to its Michigan advertising investment after El-Sayed won, bringing their total spending to $51 million, the third-highest total.
Democrats also saw a prime opportunity to finally defeat five-term Republican Sen. Susan Collins in Maine, where Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris won more votes than Trump in 2024.
Progressive Graham Platner easily won the nomination in June, but he left the race the next month over a sexual assault allegation that he denies. Democratic delegates in late July chose Troy Jackson, a lesser-known former state legislative leader, to replace him.
Jackson has been forced to play catch-up. Collins and aligned super PACs have spent almost $80 million so far, according to the ad-tracking firm AdImpact, while Jackson and Democratic-aligned groups have spent and reserved close to $45 million since he became the nominee.
Democrats increasingly see a real possibility in Texas, a state that has been an elusive goal for decades, and other GOP-led states including Iowa, Alaska and Ohio.
In Texas, Democrat James Talarico faces state Attorney General Ken Paxton, who ousted four-term incumbent Republican Sen. John Cornyn to win the GOP nomination. Senate GOP leadership backed Cornyn, seeing him as the stronger general election candidate.
Paxton has been shadowed for decades by legal and ethical questions, including indictments for securities fraud, though he was not convicted.
Talarico and allied groups have spent nearly $30 million on advertising since the May runoff, compared to less than $3 million by pro-Paxton groups. The political fund associated with Trump last week spent $10 million on TV and digital ads to help Paxton — the first major general election investment by MAGA Inc. for the midterms. Senate GOP leaders had petitioned Trump's political team to spend some of the more than $400 million it had last month to help Paxton.
Democrats have also upped their spending in Alaska, Iowa, Ohio and North Carolina, all states currently held by Republicans. The GOP, meanwhile, is feeling more optimistic about New Hampshire as well as Michigan, while spending more to defend seats in Iowa and Alaska.
The expanded map has upped the anticipated total spending this cycle. AdImpact in June projected $3.4 billion in advertising spending on Senate races, a significant increase from the $2.8 billion the ad spending firm projected in the fall of 2025.
Democrats' path has widened in part because of Trump's slumping job approval, notably on handling the economy, which was at 32% according to an AP-NORC poll in July — down from 40% in March 2025, shortly after he took office.
Trump's trade policies and the war in Iran, with its corresponding inflated fuel costs, have added to the economic uncertainty for voters less than two months before Election Day.
“Things still cost too much. And so we’ve got to work on that issue," Republican Rep. Jim Jordan of Ohio told The Associated Press. “We understand that and we know that’s real.”
Ohio Sen. Jon Husted heard the concern firsthand at a roundtable last month. Husted is looking to fend off a comeback from former Sen. Sherrod Brown in another key matchup for both parties.
During the discussion on housing, one attendee told Husted that costs were “skyrocketing” in part because of uncertainty around tariffs.
“Uncertainty is the killer to this economy," said Dean Windham, a real estate developer who previously ran for office as a Republican.
Some Republican Senate candidates have defended Trump’s policies while confronting concerns about their economic impact.
In Michigan, where Trump’s tariffs on Canada have become a central issue, Rogers has backed the president’s approach while leaving room for disagreement.
“President Trump is right to put America First — and tariffs are necessary, but are not a one-size-fits-all solution,” Rogers said in a recent statement.
Even if Democrats hold every seat they currently control, they would need to flip at least two seats in states Trump carried by double digits in 2024 to win the majority.
Republicans are betting that those underlying advantages will matter more as Election Day approaches — particularly as Trump and the party turn their attention toward mobilizing voters who helped return him to the White House.
Trump told reporters last week that he will “be making a lot of stops” in the last 30 days before the election.
This week, Republicans will hold a midterm convention in Texas, where Trump is set to speak and top Senate candidates including Rogers and Husted are expected to attend.
But Republicans acknowledge they have work to do.
“Politics is local,” Republican Sen. Mike Rounds of South Dakota said. He pointed to Trump’s decision to import beef, which he said made farmers and ranchers “feel just like the administration pulled the rug right off from underneath” them.
“They’re hurt," Rounds said. “They feel like they’ve been let down.”
This story has been corrected to reflect that the GOP midterm convention is this week, not next week.
Beaumont reported from Des Moines, Iowa.
Republican Senate candidate Mike Rogers speaks at Universal Contracting and Urban Tree Trimming, Monday, Aug. 31, 2026, in Sterling Heights, Mich. (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
FILE - At left, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton speaks in McKinney, Texas, May 19, 2026, and at right, Texas state Rep. James Talarico, after voting, in Austin, Texas, Feb. 17, 2026. (AP Photo/LM Otero and Eric Gay,File)
