LOS ANGELES--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct 20, 2026--
Researchers at City of Hope ®, one of the largest and most advanced cancer research and treatment organizations in the country, have uncovered an immune pathway that may contribute to radiation-related lung damage and have identified a potential strategy to block it. Published today in Nature Communications, the insights from the preclinical study could lead to new treatments that prevent radiation from harming healthy lung tissue and improve patients’ quality of life.
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Some 230,000 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer each year, and up to 70% of people diagnosed with the disease will undergo radiation at some point in their treatment. While radiation is often lifesaving, the therapy can permanently damage healthy lung tissue and limit future cancer treatment options.
When healthy lung tissue is damaged, the effects can be severe and long-lasting. Up to 20% of patients struggle with debilitating breathing difficulties and reduced quality of life, leaving some patients tethered to heavy oxygen tanks.
Radiation Reprograms Rare but Important Immune Cells
“Many researchers in our field study how radiation activates well-known immune cells such as T cells to fight cancer,” said corresponding author Heather McGee, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor in the departments of radiation oncology and immuno-oncology at City of Hope. “We are the first group to show that radiation also reprograms rare immune cells called innate lymphoid cells, and that these cells play a key role in driving damage to healthy lung tissue.”
Dr. McGee leads a team of scientists investigating the role innate lymphoid cells play in the response to radiation. To better understand how radiation damages healthy lung tissue, her laboratory developed a mouse model of radiation-induced lung injury.
Using advanced techniques to track radiation's impact on the immune system, her team observed three key findings.
First, radiation provoked a dramatic transformation in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), causing them to adopt different identities and alter their functions. One type of ILC, called ILC2s, helps protect the lungs from damage. Radiation transformed these cells into another type, called ILC1s, which promotes inflammation that damages healthy lung tissue.
Second, the researchers discovered what drives this transformation. Radiation increased levels of a signaling protein called interferon-beta (IFN-beta), which acted as the switch that pushed protective ILC2 cells to become inflammatory ILC1 cells. Tests on human ILCs showed similar biological changes.
“Much like a player switching teams, radiation-induced IFN-beta can shift these immune cells from a protective role to one that promotes inflammation,” Dr. McGee said. “Our findings shed light on a previously unknown mechanism that leads to radiation-induced lung damage.”
A Potential Strategy to Prevent Lung Damage During Radiation
Third, the researchers tested whether blocking the IFN-beta signaling pathway during radiation could stop the harmful immune cell transformation. In mice, disrupting this pathway reduced inflammation, limited lung injury and decreased the fibrosis that can permanently scar healthy lung tissue.
“Our findings suggest that high levels of IFN-beta contribute to the development of lung damage during radiation and that blocking this signaling pathway could offer a potential treatment to reduce this debilitating side effect,” said Jaeho Kim, M.D., Ph.D., first author of the study and a radiation oncology postdoctoral fellow at City of Hope.
If the team’s approach proves effective in people, it could protect patients from long-term lung damage, expand radiation options for individuals with chronic lung conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and enable more aggressive radiation treatment when needed.
A Leader in Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology Research
City of Hope is the only institution with four FDA-authorized clinical trials using genetically reprogrammed T cells and is the first center to use reengineered T cell therapy for lymphoma, malignant brain tumors and neuroblastoma in children.
City of Hope pioneered cancer radioimmunotherapy, a therapeutic strategy in which radiation is targeted to tumors using monoclonal antibodies. Its Center for Biomedicine & Genetics empowers researchers to speed the translation of new immunotherapies into clinical trials.
The Nature Communications study, “Type I IFN promotes ILC2-to-ILC1 plasticity in pre-clinical radiation-induced lung injury,” was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute (R00CA256526, P30CA033572), the National Institutes of Health (K24AI171795), and the Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development (BX005073).
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
About City of Hope
City of Hope's mission is to make hope a reality for all touched by cancer and diabetes. Founded in 1913, City of Hope has grown into one of the largest and most advanced cancer research and treatment organizations in the United States, and one of the leading research centers for diabetes and other life-threatening illnesses. City of Hope research has been the basis for numerous breakthrough cancer medicines, as well as human synthetic insulin and monoclonal antibodies. With an independent, National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center that is ranked among the nation’s top cancer centers by U.S. News & World Report at its core, City of Hope’s uniquely integrated model spans cancer care, research and development, academics and training, and a broad philanthropy program that powers its work. City of Hope’s growing national system includes its Los Angeles campus, Orange County, California, campus, a network of clinical care locations across Southern California and cancer treatment centers and outpatient facilities in the Atlanta, Chicago and Phoenix areas. City of Hope’s affiliated group of organizations includes Translational Genomics Research Institute and AccessHope™. For more information about City of Hope, follow us on Facebook, X, YouTube, Instagram and LinkedIn.
Researchers at City of Hope have uncovered an immune pathway that may contribute to radiation-related lung damage and have identified a potential strategy to block it. Published in Nature Communications, the insights from the preclinical study could lead to new treatments that prevent radiation from harming healthy lung tissue and improve patients’ quality of life. (Photo Credit: City of Hope)
SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct 20, 2026--
As families prepare to pass wealth to the next generation, new research from Wells Fargo Wealth & Investment Management finds that the greatest hurdles are often not financial but personal, centered on the conversations, expectations, and planning decisions that accompany wealth transfer.
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The 2026 Wealth Transfer Study surveyed more than 800 Baby Boomer parents and nearly 800 adult children (Gen X and Millennials) from families with at least $1 million in investable assets.
Notably, the study finds meaningful disconnects between parents and their adult children when it comes to inheritance, family communication, estate planning, and financial preparedness. Across several measures, adult children express greater concern and less certainty about the transfer of family wealth.
"When we think about wealth transfer, it's easy to focus on the numbers," said Heather Hunt-Ruddy, Central Divisional leader at Wells Fargo Advisors. “But underneath most wealth-transfer conversations are really questions about whether a family will get along, what family members think they will inherit, and whether everyone is ready to receive that inheritance.”
Families Value Inheritance Conversations. Most Still Aren't Having Them
Although parents and adult children overwhelmingly agree that discussions about inheritance and wealth transfer are important, many families have yet to move beyond basic conversations.
More than eight in 10 adult children (82%) say inheritance discussions would help them better prepare for the future, while 80% of parents believe conversations about money help younger generations make better financial decisions.
Yet many adult children say they still lack visibility into their families' plans. More than half (57%) wish there were greater transparency around money in their families, and 42% say finances remain a topic that is often avoided.
More than three-quarters of parents say they are comfortable discussing key elements of their wealth-transfer plans, but only 21% report having detailed conversations about their estate plans with their children. Nearly one-third (29%) have had little to no meaningful discussions at all.
The 'Elephant' in the Estate Plan
The study points to a central reason inheritance conversations stall; both generations worry that raising the subject could send the wrong message.
Adult children are often reluctant to initiate the discussion. A majority (61%) worry that discussing money could make them seem like they want their parent’s wealth, while 53% say they would feel uncomfortable asking about it directly.
Parents face a different set of concerns. Nearly one-third (32%) are unsure how much to disclose, while others worry about demotivating their kids (25%), fostering entitlement (22%), or sharing plans that may change (20%).
"Families find themselves in a stalemate," Hunt-Ruddy said. "The next generation doesn't want to appear greedy. Parents don't want to send the wrong message. The result is that important conversations get postponed indefinitely."
Estate Plans Are in Place, but Critical Information Gaps Remain
Many parents report having taken steps to document their intentions, but the research suggests those plans are not always fully shared or understood.
Nearly all parents (93%) say they know how much wealth they expect to pass on, and 79% have specified that amount in a written financial plan. Yet only 54% of adult children say their parents have told them how much they are likely to inherit.
The information gap extends to the estate plan itself. While 81% of parents report having all necessary estate-planning documents in place, only 66% of adult children believe their parents have completed those documents. Even among parents with all documents in place, 44% of them say they do not fully understand what their estate plan does.
Adult children lack clarity about the responsibilities they may eventually be asked to assume. More than one in five do not know whether they have been named as an executor or trustee (22%) or been given power of attorney for healthcare or financial matters (22%).
"The challenge facing many families isn't a lack of planning," said Lorne Maltenfort, national director, Private Wealth Planning at Wealth & Investment Management. "It's a lack of shared understanding and alignment. Documents alone don't create preparedness. Successful wealth transfer also requires context, communication, and clarity around roles and responsibilities."
Family Businesses Reveal the Same Challenge at a Larger Scale*
One of the clearest examples of misaligned expectations emerged among family business owners, revealing a significant gap between owners’ intentions and their heirs’ expectations.
While two-thirds (67%) of business owners’ adult children expect the family business will eventually be passed to them or their siblings, fewer than one in five (19%) business owners expect to transfer ownership to their children. Instead, many owners anticipate selling to an outside buyer (24%) or gradually winding down the business (36%).
That difference represents a 48-percentage-point gap between generations.
"The family business findings are a powerful reminder that assumptions can take root when conversations don't happen," Maltenfort said. "Many children assume they're preparing to inherit a business. Many parents have entirely different plans. Neither perspective is necessarily wrong, but surprise is not a good succession strategy."
The Empty Seat at the Table
The study suggests many families are actively looking for guidance, particularly adult children who remain largely excluded from conversations with their parents’ financial advisors.
More than eight in 10 adult children (84%) say speaking with their parents' financial advisor would help them feel more prepared for the future. Notably, 83% say they would feel more confident if their parents' advisor continued working with them after their parents are gone — suggesting many adult children value continuity with an advisor who already understands their family's financial history and goals.
Yet only about one-third of parents (34%) say their advisor has met with their adult children, and just 14% say those meetings happen regularly.
"The next generation doesn't just want information. They want involvement," Hunt-Ruddy said. "Families can benefit when advisors help create opportunities for meaningful conversations before wealth changes hands."
Legacy Means More Than Money
Despite differing perspectives on communication, preparedness, and inheritance, parents and adult children agree on one important point: wealth means more than dollars and cents.
More than eight in 10 parents (86%) and adult children (84%) say the most important thing passed from one generation to the next is values, not money.
Both generations place high importance on trust, family security, communication, and creating opportunities for future generations.
"Financial assets are only one part of the legacy families leave behind," Maltenfort said. "Relationships, purpose, values, and opportunity are equally as important—and preserving them requires families to be clear about what they want their wealth to accomplish.”
Learn more
For families ready to start the conversation, the Great Wealth Transfer Toolkit walks you through important considerations to help define goals, facilitate family discussions, and create a plan that reflects both financial priorities and family values.
About the Wells Fargo Wealth & Investment 2026 Wealth Transfer Study
The Wells Fargo Wealth & Investment Management 2026 Wealth Transfer Study was conducted by Versta Research on behalf of Wells Fargo. The study included online surveys of 817 Baby Boomer parents ages 61 to 79 with at least $1 million in investable assets who expect to transfer wealth to their children, and 787 adult children ages 29 to 60 whose parents have at least $1 million in investable assets. The parent sample included an oversample of households with more than $3 million in investable assets, including households with more than $10 million. Survey responses were weighted by asset level using Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances data to reflect the broader population of affluent U.S. households. Interviews were conducted online between May 11 and June 10, 2026. Findings are intended to provide insight into how affluent families are approaching wealth transfer, inheritance, estate planning, financial preparedness, and legacy planning.
*The survey of parents included 65 who are business owners and the survey of adult children included 181 whose parents are business owners.
About Wealth & Investment Management
Wealth & Investment Management (WIM) offers financial products and services through bank and brokerage affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company and is one of the largest wealth managers in the U.S., with $2.5 trillion in client assets. WIM provides personalized wealth management, brokerage, wealth planning, lending, private banking, trust, and fiduciary products and services to affluent, high-net worth, and ultra-high-net worth clients. WIM operates through advisors in Wells Fargo Advisors, independent brokerage offices, and digitally through Intuitive Investor® and WellsTrade®. Private Wealth is an exclusive and personalized service and product offering for qualifying clients of Wealth & Investment Management (WIM).
Bank products and services are available through Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., is a bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company.
Investment products and services are offered through Wells Fargo Advisors. Wells Fargo Advisors is a trade name used by Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC, and Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC, Members SIPC, separate registered broker-dealers and non-bank affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company. WellsTrade® and Intuitive Investor®accounts are offered through Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC.
About Wells Fargo Advisors
Wells Fargo Advisors provides advice and guidance to help clients maximize all aspects of their financial lives. Our vast network of financial advisors, one of the nation’s largest, serves investors through locations in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Wells Fargo Advisors is a part of Wealth & Investment Management (WIM), one of the largest wealth managers in the U.S. WIM offers financial products and services through bank and brokerage affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company. Investment products and services are offered through Wells Fargo Advisors. Wells Fargo Advisors is a trade name used by Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC, and Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC, Members SIPC, separate registered broker-dealers and non-bank affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company.
www.wellsfargoadvisors.com
About Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo & Company (NYSE: WFC) is a leading financial services company that has approximately $2.3 trillion in assets. We provide a diversified set of banking, investment and mortgage products and services, as well as consumer and commercial finance, through our four reportable operating segments: Consumer Banking and Lending, Commercial Banking, Corporate and Investment Banking, and Wealth & Investment Management. Wells Fargo ranked No. 38 on Fortune’s 2026 rankings of America’s largest corporations. News, insights, and perspectives from Wells Fargo are also available at Wells Fargo Stories.
Additional information may be found at www.wellsfargo.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/wellsfargo
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