Republicans held onto a reliably conservative U.S. House district in Tennessee's special election, but only after a late burst of national spending and high-profile campaigning helped them secure a margin less than half of last year’s race.
Even with that victory, the outcome contributed to a gloomy outlook for the party going into the 2026 midterms that will determine control of Congress. Republicans will need to defend much more vulnerable seats if they have any hope of keeping their House majority, while Democrats are capitalizing on President Donald Trump’s unpopularity and the public's persistent frustration with the economy.
“The danger signs are there, and we shouldn’t have had to spend that kind of money to hold that kind of seat," said Jason Roe, a national Republican strategist working on battleground races next year.
He said that "Democratic enthusiasm is dramatically higher than Republican enthusiasm.”
Republican Matt Van Epps, a military veteran and former state general services commissioner, defeated Democratic state Rep. Aftyn Behn by 9 percentage points on Tuesday for the seat vacated by Republican Mark Green, who retired over the summer. Green had won reelection in 2024 by 21 percentage points.
Special elections provide a limited window into the mood of voters and take place under far different conditions than regular campaign cycles. But some Republicans are acknowledging the warning signs, especially after Democrats had convincing victories in New Jersey, Virginia and elsewhere last month.
Tennessee was the fifth House special election this year, and Democratic candidates have outperformed Kamala Harris’ margins in the 2024 presidential race by an average of 16 percentage points in the same districts.
“We could have lost this district,” U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, told Fox News after The Associated Press called the race for Van Epps. Cruz said his party must “set out the alarm bells” because next year is "going to be a turnout election and the left will show up.”
Although inflation has dropped since Democratic President Joe Biden was in office, Behn focused her campaign on the lingering concerns about prices.
Trump has played down the affordability issue, saying during a Cabinet meeting Tuesday that it was “a con job” by his political opponents.
“There's this fake narrative that the Democrats talk about, affordability," he said. "They just say the word. It doesn't mean anything to anybody, they just say it.”
Roe viewed things differently. He said the Tennessee race had "better be a wake-up call that we’ve got to address the affordability problem, and the president denying that affordability is a political issue is not helpful.”
Maintaining House control is crucial for Trump, who fears a repeat of his first term, when Democrats flipped the House and launched an impeachment inquiry. The Republican president has been leaning on GOP-led states to redraw congressional maps to improve the party's chances.
Playing down the impact of Tuesday's vote, U.S. Rep. Mike Lawler, R-N.Y., said, “There’s nothing unique about the party out of power performing better in a special election."
The Republican National Committee deployed staffers and partnered with state officials to get voters to the polls. MAGA Inc., the super political action committee that had gone dark since supporting Trump in 2024, reemerged to back Van Epps with about $1.7 million.
U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., visited the Nashville-area district on Monday.
“When you’re in a deep red district, sometimes people assume that the Republican, the conservative will win," he said Tuesday. "And you cannot assume that, because anything can happen."
Chip Saltsman, a political strategist and former Tennessee Republican Party chair, said his party had brought in its heaviest hitters simply because there were not other competing contests, not because Republicans feared a loss.
“It’s the only election going on. Why wouldn’t the speaker come?” he asked. “There was one race, and you would expect everybody to do everything they could.”
Despite concerns about low turnout for the post-Thanksgiving election, about 180,000 people voted, similar to the number in the 2022 midterms.
The House Majority PAC put $1 million behind Behn, who said her campaign had “inspired an entire country.”
U.S. Rep. Pete Aguilar of California, the No. 3 House Democrat, said Republicans “see the writing on the wall" and “it's a mess over there.”
“They’re fighting amongst themselves right now,” he said Wednesday.
Although Democrats were optimistic, the result contributed to some murmuring within the party about the best path forward as it grasps for a path back to power in Washington.
Among special elections this year, the shift in Behn's direction was the second smallest, providing an opening for some factions that believe more moderate candidates would fare better.
“Each time we nominate a far-left candidate in a swing district who declares themselves to be radical and alienates the voters in the middle who deliver majorities, we set back that cause,” said a statement from Lanae Erickson, a senior vice president at Third Way, a centrist Democrat think tank.
Republicans tried to turn Behn’s own words against her in television ads, such as when she described herself as a “radical” or claimed to be “bullying” immigration agents and state police officers. Also cited were comments Behn made about Nashville years ago, when she said, “I hate this city,” and complained about bachelorette parties.
Several high-profile progressive leaders, including U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., had rallied for Behn in the campaign's final days.
Associated Press writer Maya Sweedler contributed to this report.
U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson speaks to the media as Republican U.S Congressional candidate for the seventh district Matt Van Epps listens during a rally Monday, Dec. 1, 2025, in Franklin, Tenn. (AP Photo/John Amis)
Democratic candidate State Rep. Aftyn Behn, D-Nashville, right, speaks to reporters at watch party after losing a special election for the U.S. seventh congressional district, Tuesday, Dec. 2, 2025, in Nashville, Tenn. (AP Photo/George Walker IV)
Republican candidate Matt Van Epps speaks at a watch party to declare victory in a special election for the U.S. seventh congressional district, Tuesday, Dec. 2, 2025, in Nashville, Tenn. (AP Photo/John Amis)
