HAVANA (AP) — Hundreds of people on Tuesday attended a Mass in Havana to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Celia Cruz’s birth just days after Cuban authorities canceled a theater performance in honor of the revered singer without explanation, drawing criticism over what some say was an act of censorship.
Activities to remember the illustrious Cuban artist — one of the island’s most prominent voices internationally — were organized around the world except in Cuba, where she never returned after going into exile in the United States in 1960 and openly defining herself as a radical anti-Castro activist.
“She was an ambassador of Cuban music, of Cuban rhythms in the world... of our flavor, of our dances, of our joy, of ‘that’ contagious thing,” said Father Ariel Suárez during his homily.
He even recalled the popular cry that identified the singer’s performances: “Azúcar!”
“I thank God because she brought joy to many people, because she made Cuba a presence in the world,” the priest told those gathered at the Basilica of La Caridad in the populous neighborhood of Centro Habana.
The priest said the Mass was commissioned by a group of artists who admire Cruz.
Among those present were renowned artists including singer Haila María Mompié and musician Alaín Pérez, as well as the United States Chargé d’Affaires, Mike Hammer.
“Her songs give hope and joy, but she also wanted freedom for all the Cuban people, which is something we all desire, so for me it is a great honor to be here today, to remember her life,” Hammer told reporters after the Mass, which was not attended by any government official or Ministry of Culture representative.
Born in Havana on Oct. 21, 1925, Celia Cruz, nicknamed the “Guarachera of Cuba” and the “Queen of Salsa,” built a solid career as a vocalist on the island before going into exile in 1960 and settling in the United States, where she also became an icon for a highly politicized community opposed to the Cuban revolution led by the late leader, Fidel Castro.
The artist died in 2003 without returning to her homeland, although in 1990 she performed at the U.S. Naval Base in Guantánamo, a territory under U.S. control that Havana historically has unsuccessfully claimed.
During her career, Cruz received little coverage in radio, television or print in Cuba, where authorities never forgave her for her hard alignment with the exile community and the United States.
In anticipation of her centennial, the theater group El Público had announced a tribute performance at the prestigious Cuban Art Factory on Sunday. But a few hours before the performance, the state-run National Center for Popular Music announced briefly on social media that it would not take place. It did not provide an explanation.
There was no immediate reaction from the Cuban Art Factory. But on Monday, the organization posted a photo on its Facebook account that showed an empty chair on stage illuminated by overhead spotlights, a scene that remained in place for the duration of the canceled performance.
“A work of art that never was, a chair, silence, and the art of resistance,” read the post. “Celia Lives.”
Artists and musicologists protested on social media what they considered an arbitrary act of censorship by authorities.
A few weeks earlier, the Failde Orchestra had dedicated a segment of a concert to Celia Cruz’s centennial.
For musicologist Rosa Marquetti, the prohibition of the tribute is a “chapter” of “censorship and the application of political curatorial methods within Cuban culture,” she wrote on Facebook.
“They have spent 60 years trying — without success — to tarnish one of the most extraordinary trajectories of life in the cultural sphere in defense of an identity, with an unflinching sense of belonging.”
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Cuban reggaeton artist Yomil poses for a photo beside a framed image of late singer Celia Cruz after attending a memorial Mass marking the centennial of her birth at the Virgen del Cobre or Our Lady of Charity church in Havana, Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2025. (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa)
A framed image of late singer Celia Cruz is displayed in the Virgen del Cobre or Our Lady of Charity church where a memorial Mass was celebrated marking the centennial of her birth in Havana, Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2025. (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa)
A man stands before a framed image of late singer Celia Cruz after attending a memorial Mass marking the centennial of her birth at the Virgen del Cobre or Our Lady of Charity church in Havana, Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2025. (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa)
ATLANTA (AP) — Donald Trump would not be the first president to invoke the Insurrection Act, as he has threatened, so that he can send U.S. military forces to Minnesota.
But he'd be the only commander in chief to use the 19th-century law to send troops to quell protests that started because of federal officers the president already has sent to the area — one of whom shot and killed a U.S. citizen.
The law, which allows presidents to use the military domestically, has been invoked on more than two dozen occasions — but rarely since the 20th Century's Civil Rights Movement.
Federal forces typically are called to quell widespread violence that has broken out on the local level — before Washington's involvement and when local authorities ask for help. When presidents acted without local requests, it was usually to enforce the rights of individuals who were being threatened or not protected by state and local governments. A third scenario is an outright insurrection — like the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Experts in constitutional and military law say none of that clearly applies in Minneapolis.
“This would be a flagrant abuse of the Insurrection Act in a way that we've never seen,” said Joseph Nunn, an attorney at the Brennan Center for Justice's Liberty and National Security Program. “None of the criteria have been met.”
William Banks, a Syracuse University professor emeritus who has written extensively on the domestic use of the military, said the situation is “a historical outlier” because the violence Trump wants to end “is being created by the federal civilian officers” he sent there.
But he also cautioned Minnesota officials would have “a tough argument to win” in court, because the judiciary is hesitant to challenge “because the courts are typically going to defer to the president” on his military decisions.
Here is a look at the law, how it's been used and comparisons to Minneapolis.
George Washington signed the first version in 1792, authorizing him to mobilize state militias — National Guard forerunners — when “laws of the United States shall be opposed, or the execution thereof obstructed.”
He and John Adams used it to quash citizen uprisings against taxes, including liquor levies and property taxes that were deemed essential to the young republic's survival.
Congress expanded the law in 1807, restating presidential authority to counter “insurrection or obstruction” of laws. Nunn said the early statutes recognized a fundamental “Anglo-American tradition against military intervention in civilian affairs” except “as a tool of last resort.”
The president argues Minnesota officials and citizens are impeding U.S. law by protesting his agenda and the presence of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers and Customs and Border Protection officers. Yet early statutes also defined circumstances for the law as unrest “too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course” of law enforcement.
There are between 2,000 and 3,000 federal authorities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area, compared to Minneapolis, which has fewer than 600 police officers. Protesters' and bystanders' video, meanwhile, has shown violence initiated by federal officers, with the interactions growing more frequent since Renee Good was shot three times and killed.
“ICE has the legal authority to enforce federal immigration laws,” Nunn said. “But what they're doing is a sort of lawless, violent behavior” that goes beyond their legal function and “foments the situation” Trump wants to suppress.
“They can't intentionally create a crisis, then turn around to do a crackdown,” he said, adding that the Constitutional requirement for a president to “faithfully execute the laws” means Trump must wield his power, on immigration and the Insurrection Act, “in good faith.”
Courts have blocked some of Trump's efforts to deploy the National Guard, but he'd argue with the Insurrection Act that he does not need a state's permission to send troops.
That traces to President Abraham Lincoln, who held in 1861 that Southern states could not legitimately secede. So, he convinced Congress to give him express power to deploy U.S. troops, without asking, into Confederate states he contended were still in the Union. Quite literally, Lincoln used the act as a legal basis to fight the Civil War.
Nunn said situations beyond such a clear insurrection as the Confederacy still require a local request or another trigger that Congress added after the Civil War: protecting individual rights. Ulysses S. Grant used that provision to send troops to counter the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacists who ignored the 14th and 15th amendments and civil rights statutes.
During post-war industrialization, violence erupted around strikes and expanding immigration — and governors sought help.
President Rutherford B. Hayes granted state requests during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 after striking workers, state forces and local police clashed, leading to dozens of deaths. Grover Cleveland granted a Washington state governor's request — at that time it was a U.S. territory — to help protect Chinese citizens who were being attacked by white rioters. President Woodrow Wilson sent troops to Colorado in 1914 amid a coal strike after workers were killed.
Federal troops helped diffuse each situation.
Banks stressed that the law then and now presumes that federal resources are needed only when state and local authorities are overwhelmed — and Minnesota leaders say their cities would be stable and safe if Trump's feds left.
As Grant had done, mid-20th century presidents used the act to counter white supremacists.
Franklin Roosevelt dispatched 6,000 troops to Detroit — more than double the U.S. forces in Minneapolis — after race riots that started with whites attacking Black residents. State officials asked for FDR's aid after riots escalated, in part, Nunn said, because white local law enforcement joined in violence against Black residents. Federal troops calmed the city after dozens of deaths, including 17 Black residents killed by local police.
Once the Civil Rights Movement began, presidents sent authorities to Southern states without requests or permission, because local authorities defied U.S. civil rights law and fomented violence themselves.
Dwight Eisenhower enforced integration at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas; John F. Kennedy sent troops to the University of Mississippi after riots over James Meredith's admission and then pre-emptively to ensure no violence upon George Wallace's “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door” to protest the University of Alabama's integration.
“There could have been significant loss of life from the rioters” in Mississippi, Nunn said.
Lyndon Johnson protected the 1965 Voting Rights March from Selma to Montgomery after Wallace's troopers attacked marchers' on their first peaceful attempt.
Johnson also sent troops to multiple U.S. cities in 1967 and 1968 after clashes between residents and police escalated. The same thing happened in Los Angeles in 1992, the last time the Insurrection Act was invoked.
Riots erupted after a jury failed to convict four white police officers of excessive use of force despite video showing them beating a Rodney King, a Black man. California Gov. Pete Wilson asked President George H.W. Bush for support.
Bush authorized about 4,000 troops — but after he had publicly expressed displeasure over the trial verdict. He promised to “restore order” yet directed the Justice Department to open a civil rights investigation, and two of the L.A. officers were later convicted in federal court.
President Donald Trump answers questions after signing a bill that returns whole milk to school cafeterias across the country, in the Oval Office of the White House, Wednesday, Jan. 14, 2026, in Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)
