From everyday objects to fiber-type artificial muscles for robotic actuation, a groundbreaking photopolymerization-based 3D printing technology is playing a role in revolutionizing how we create, representing a fundamental shift from traditional methods and transforming industries and daily life.
Distinct from conventional layer-by-layer material deposition, the new technology employs light as a precision actuator. The process begins with instillation of liquid photopolymer resin that instantly solidifies when exposed to targeted ultraviolet (UV) light, which acts as an "on-off switch" for material formation.
Unlike traditional drying methods that rely on heat and air, UV curing employs specific wavelengths of UV light to achieve rapid and controlled polymerization.
This enables the material to reach its desired mechanical properties in a fraction of the time that other methods might require -- 20 to 100 times faster than traditional 3D printing -- allowing complete products to be created within just two to three hours.
At PollyPolymer -- a high-tech enterprise specializing in ultra-high-speed 3D printing technology based in Suzhou City of east China's Jiangsu Province, the technique has been hired to produce customized components, such as elastomer artificial muscles for robots that combine flexibility with durability.
"(This material) can provide shock absorption and protection. Additionally, due to its hollowed-out lattice structure, it can dissipate heat. Of course, another advantage is its lightweight nature, as it is filled with many lattices within the same structure," Wang Wenbin, the company's CEO, introduced.
More importantly, these materials can be pre-programmed and engineered to meet specific structural, elastic and mechanical performance requirements, enabling on-demand and customized manufacturing across multiple industries, Wang said, noting that precision control remains crucial to the process.
"We need very precise control because the light reaction can cause many falsifications such as distortion, leading to a decrease in accuracy. Therefore, we have designed quite a lot of algorithmic compensations in this process. Each printer has a force sensing parameter, which you can think of as a scale that knows the weight in every gram and makes corrections accordingly. Depending on the required scenario, for instance, our highest precision can now reach 2.8 microns," Wang said.
3D printing ushers in new era of instant manufacturing
The ongoing conflict in the Middle East is seeing UK insurance firms hike up premiums for seaborne traders and shipping companies as a cloud of uncertainty hangs over the region amid the escalating crisis.
While the U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict continues, much attention is focusing on the severe disruption to shipping through the Strait of Hormuz -- a vital passageway which typically carries around one-quarter of global seaborne oil trade.
The economic implications of the war are already being seen in the City of London, the financial hub of the British capital and one of the world's foremost insurance centers, which is also an important trading place for global shipping, energy and war risk insurance.
Everyday, brokers and underwriters from all over the world gather in the financial district which is known simply as 'The City' to assess risks and negotiate premiums.
The London insurance market is often the first to feel the impact of any geopolitical turmoil in the Middle East, as war risk premiums for ships tend to rise rapidly whenever tensions escalate, particularly when shipping risks in the Strait of Hormuz increase to their current levels.
It can be a snowball effect, as these steeper insurance prices will eventually be passed on to other areas of the shipping sector, energy transportation, and even in global trade costs.
Before the United States and Israel launched their joint military operations against Iran on Feb. 28, the general quotations of shipping insurance brokers on the London market were approximately valued at between 0.2 percent to 0.3 percent, which meant the war risk premium for a single passage through the Strait of Hormuz for a container ship worth 150 million U.S. dollars was approximately 375,000 to 450,000 U.S. dollars.
However, since the escalation, insurance premiums for related vessels have skyrocketed, while shipping prices have also soared sharply, hampering shipping operations for vessels which may already be reluctant to travel through the war-torn waterway.
Industry insiders say that while prices will fluctuate depending on individual cases, these insurance hikes may be seen as a barometer of the bigger picture impact of the conflict.
"How much depends on the vessel, it depends on the circumstances. But you can see prices in the press have been given between one and three percent, but it will vary. It's possible, you heard that, and it may be true in some cases. But insurance is only one small part of their operating expenses (opex), so they'll be factoring in the freight rates, which have gone up by a factor of 11 or 12, and obviously, fuel costs and delay," said Neil Roberts, head of Marine and Aviation at the Lloyd's Market Association, a leading insurance and reinsurance firm.
The current crisis along the Strait of Hormuz came as part of Iran's response to U.S.-Israeli operations, which saw it restricting navigation through the strait and targeting any vessels associated with the U.S. or Israel.
As the war drags on, Iran has been leveraging its grip on the Strait of Hormuz, reducing shipping traffic through one of the world's most crucial waterways to historical lows as concerns about the wider global economic impact continue to mount.
London insurance market sees surging shipping costs amid Mideast tensions
