Chinese shares close lower Friday

Chinese stocks closed lower on Friday, with the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index down 1.10 percent to 3,649.18 points.

The Shenzhen Component Index closed 2.57 percent lower at 11,175.78 points.

The ChiNext Index, tracking China's Nasdaq-style board of growth enterprises, lost 3.96 percent to close at 2,465.23 points on Friday.

A China-led international standard on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) reference architecture has been officially released, marking another major achievement for the country in international BCI standardization, according to the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) on Friday.

The first international standard in the BCI field led by China, on BCI terminology, was officially released last year.

The standard, published by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, addresses four core questions, namely what a BCI is, how it is used, what functions it has and how it can be implemented. It sorts out typical implementation models and builds a complete technical framework covering concepts, applications, functions and implementation.

It was drafted under the leadership of Chinese experts, together with experts from countries including Italy, the Republic of Korea, Britain, India and the United States.

"People's definition of brain-computer interfaces has also been evolving. In the early days, it was mainly about reading out intentions. After two or three decades of development, it is no longer just reading out. Simply put, it reads out signals, interprets them, and then regulates, intervenes in and influences them, forming a closed loop of reading and writing signals," said Pan Gang, one of the drafters of the international standard.

The standard groups the uses of BCIs into five categories. The first is real-time sensing of brain states such as attention, fatigue and cognitive load, which can be used for safety warnings in settings such as industrial operations.

"For patients with severe physical injuries or who cannot communicate, we use brain-computer interfaces to connect with external robots, including externally controlled wheelchairs, to carry out daily functions such as typing and drinking water," said Yu Yuntao, chair of the standardization technical subcommittee on BCIs.

BCIs can also be combined with rehabilitation robots and similar devices for neurorehabilitation training, helping patients with spinal cord injuries or strokes regain motor function. Through methods such as neurofeedback, they can help healthy people regulate attention and train cognition, improving or extending their existing abilities.

Combined with eye movement, voice, gestures and muscle signals, BCIs can also enable more accurate and flexible multimodal human-machine interaction.