The Hong Kong SAR imports over 90 per cent of its food, and it can be very difficult when food safety incidents occur to trace the source across a complex supply chain. Prof Leng Mingming, Dean of the Faculty of Business and Chair Professor of Operations and Risk Management at Lingnan University, has published a new study proposing the introduction of a unified product tracing system across the food supply chain. The study confirms that such a system would improve overall traceability efficiency, and analysis shows that cooperative mechanisms across supply chain tiers help reduce the entry of problematic food into the market, improving both food safety and consumer confidence. The research findings have been published in the internationally respected flagship journal IISE Transactions of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers.
The Faculty of Business at Lingnan University.
The international research team, comprising Prof Leng and scholars from Hunan University, the University of Southern California, and McMaster University of Ontario, developed a three-tier food processing system covering upstream producers, midstream manufacturers or wholesalers, and downstream retailers, including supermarkets and catering groups, forming a “cross-tier” network. Using cooperative game theory, the team analysed independent decision-making versus coalition-based cooperation potential profit outcomes for stakeholders. Results show that when supply chain tiers act independently up to 90 per cent of total profits may be lost, but a unified cross-tier cooperative alliance between manufacturers and retailers can reduce losses to approximately 55 per cent.
The study also explains that the fewer “separate coalitions” there are within the supply chain, the more effectively manufacturers and retailers can share traceability responsibilities, leading to higher total profits. Adopting a unified product tracing system reduces fragmented decision-making, improves operational efficiency, lowers unnecessary costs, and promotes more equitable profit allocation. This strengthens incentives for cooperation across supply chain tiers, and helps alleviate concerns among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) over the high costs or limited resources that may discourage participation in a unified tracing system.
Prof Leng Mingming, Dean of the Faculty of Business and Chair Professor of Operations and Risk Management at Lingnan University, has published a new study proposing a unified product tracing system across the food supply chain. The system would improve traceability efficiency and food safety management, and the findings have been published in the flagship journal IISE Transactions of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers.
Prof Leng noted “According to data from the Food Industry Association, about 64 per cent of consumers worldwide prefer brands that provide detailed product information and traceability records. A well-established product tracing system is better able to identify and intercept contaminated food or food that has deteriorated before it reaches retail markets, significantly reducing the risk of economic losses from product recalls.”
He added “Our study shows that cross-tier cooperation between manufacturers and retailers is key to improving overall supply chain efficiency. The Hong Kong SAR’s reliance on imported food underscores the importance of robust food traceability systems that enhance public confidence in food safety and support sustainable economic development. The use of innovative technologies such as blockchain and the artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) for food monitoring has become a global trend among major retailers and food companies. As an international trade hub, the Hong Kong SAR should encourage the adoption of these technologies for supply chain transparency and long-term sustainable development in the industry.”
The study also shows that many upstream farmers and manufacturers are SMEs with limited capital and technical resources, and it is difficult for them to shoulder the costs of implementing a tracing system independently. When penalties for distributing problematic foods are high, downstream retailers and manufacturers have a greater incentive to adopt a unified tracing system to intercept compromised food, thus appropriate regulatory measures can serve as an important lever to drive technology adoption in the industry.
Prof Leng has been named the recipient of the Beta Gamma Sigma (BGS)’s 2026 Dean of the Year Award. He was the sole winner selected from over 640 universities across 39 countries and regions. The award is presented annually to one outstanding dean who has demonstrated exceptional leadership in business education and consistent support for students.
Read the full study here: System-wide incentives to trace food processing: A cooperative-game analysis
The Hong Kong Council of Social Service estimates that the number of carers across the territory reaches as high as 1.12 million. Some employed people are forced to juggle the demands of work alongside caring for parents, spouses, or children, taking on the arduous role of “compound carers”. The Asia-Pacific Institute of Ageing Studies (APIAS) at Lingnan University conducted in-depth interviews with over 40 multiple carers who care for at least two family members, one of whom has a disability or a chronic illness. The study found that these working compound carers face heavy pressure in balancing professional and family duties. Nearly half of those interviewed keep their caregiving responsibilities hidden at work for fear of being branded “troublesome employees”. Consequently, several had to give up promotions or switch to part-time work due to caregiving demands. Researchers note that current support networks remain fragmented, leaving compound carers to search for, evaluate, and arrange various services entirely on their own — adding substantial friction to an already overwhelming load. The research team recommends introducing dedicated Case Managers who will integrate healthcare, rehabilitation, and social welfare services.
Led by Lingnan and funded by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the one-year study conducted in-depth interviews between April 2025 and January 2026 with 45 compound carers in the Hong Kong SAR, aged from 25 to over 75. Recruited through social welfare agencies and carer social media platforms, they were full- and part-time workers, full-time homemakers, and retirees, 35 of whom were female. In terms of their caregiving loads, 34 were looking after two family members, nine were caring for three, and two were single-handedly looking after four to five relatives.
The study revealed that many of these 104 care recipients suffered from complex comorbidities, which included chronic health conditions (30), diagnosed dementia (20), and severe mobility impairments or bedridden states resulting from conditions such as stroke (20). Respondents emphasised that their daily responsibilities encompassed coordinating frequent multi-speciality medical consultations, giving medication at fixed times, managing physical transfers, and responding to unpredictable medical emergencies, all of which represent an intensive, sustained care burden. Consequently, many carers reported feeling trapped in a relentless 24-hour on-call cycle, continually forced to make trade-offs between different responsibilities.
The study also showed that approximately 45 per cent of respondents had to balance paid employment with their caregiving duties. Most reported relying on annual leave, time off in lieu, or shift swaps to attend to family medical consultations and sudden emergencies. As leave requests accumulated, carers expressed growing concern that supervisors or colleagues might perceive them as having persistent family issues or lacking commitment to their role, thereby threatening their prospects for promotion and contract renewal. Consequently, nearly half of the employed respondents chose to conceal their carer status at work, with some preferring “to absorb the burden privately rather than risk being viewed as troublesome employees”.
For example, one respondent declined a promotion offer due to concerns over managing both workplace and caregiving responsibilities, explaining, “Because new roles typically offer no annual leave during the initial months, I needed to ensure my family members would have no medical appointments or sudden emergencies during that period.” Another respondent who very much wished to change jobs feared a new post might demand longer hours and limit the ability to respond immediately to family emergencies, forcing this individual to remain in the same position. The research team pointed out that these accounts illustrate how care responsibilities directly impact the career options of certain respondents.
Notably, caregiving responsibilities also take a severe toll on personal psychological well-being, with some carers undergoing psychiatric treatment due to the heavy pressure. One respondent highlighted having to care simultaneously for an 88-year-old amputee father with limited mobility and an 87-year-old mother living with dementia. This unceasing pressure resulted in chronic sleep disruption, physical exhaustion, and deteriorating mental health, ultimately leading to suicidal ideation during moments of profound helplessness and the need for ongoing psychiatric care.
Furthermore, the study underscored that respondents find the existing social support infrastructure highly fragmented. Carers are forced to navigate a complex maze of services across public hospitals, the Social Welfare Department, non-governmental organisations, residential care facilities, and online portals by themselves, investigating application procedures, waiting lists, means-testing requirements, and eligibility criteria in each case. Beyond these structural challenges, respite care capacity remains severely constrained on weekends, public holidays or times of emergency, daycare transport schedules frequently conflict with standard working hours, and rehabilitation transit routes and operational hours are restrictive, creating substantial hurdles for carers seeking support. The research team says that the bureaucratic complexity of the existing support apparatus and scattered information have become part of the overall chronic stress burden for compound carers.
A study conducted by the Asia-Pacific Institute of Ageing Studies at Lingnan University finds that working compound carers face the dilemma of balancing professional and family duties. The photo shows Prof Dickson Chan Chak-kwan, Research Professor and Director of APIAS. Photo source: LU
Prof Dickson Chan Chak-kwan, Research Professor and Director of APIAS, said, “The public currently pays relatively little attention to the problems and needs faced by ‘compound carers’ who care for several dependents. These people encounter immense strain regarding time management and role execution, alongside psychological and financial pressure; they often face a heavier burden than carers looking after a single family member, yet existing policies offer meagre targeted assistance. We advocate formally recognising compound carers as core stakeholders within the Hong Kong SAR’s long-term care architecture. Strategic inter-agency coordination alongside dedicated funding streams would tangibly elevate quality of life for these households, while fortifying systemic sustainability against an accelerating demographic ageing curve to address the long-term challenges posed by an ageing population and growing demand for services.”
To operationalise this, the research team proposes establishing a dedicated Carer Case Manager framework, where designated professionals evaluate household needs, communicate with healthcare, rehabilitation, and social care networks, and design integrated post-discharge transition plans and service packages, eliminating the procedural burden on families. They also recommend short-term residential care and home support services beyond standard office hours and on weekends. Finally, they suggest carer-friendly employment standards, specifically introducing a statutory entitlement to seven days’ unpaid carer leave annually as well as corporate incentives for flexible scheduling, hybrid working arrangements, and agile shift swaps. Additionally, the monthly amount of the carer's allowance is only HK$3,300, which accounts for 15 per cent of the median monthly domestic household income and falls short of covering the various additional expenses associated with caregiving. Therefore, increasing the carer's allowance is the most direct and prompt way to assist carers facing financial hardship.
For the full research paper, please visit: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/apias_research/29/
